Global Japanese Data Rankings

Politics and government

Population and Family

Economy and industry

Work

Education and media

Science and technology

Environment and energy

International relations

	Japan
% of those who feel close to their town or city (2013)	90.3% [5/26 countries]
% of those who feel close to their town or city (2003)	88.3% [5/27 countries]
% of those who feel close to their town or city (1995)	87.7% [2/20 countries]
% of those who feel close to their county (2013)	92.0% [2/26 countries]
% of those who feel close to their county (2003)	86.1% [5/27 countries]
% of those who feel close to their county (1995)	89.0% [2/20 countries]
% of those who feel close to their country (2013)	97.5% [1/26 countries]
% of those who feel close to their country (2003)	91.7% [13/27 countries]
% of those who feel close to their country (1995)	95.1% [2/20 countries]
% of those who feel close to [Continent] (2013)	71.6% [3/26 countries]
% of those who feel close to [Continent] (2003)	62.6% [13/27 countries]
% of those who feel close to [Continent] (1995)	76.1% [4/20 countries]
% of those who feel very close to their ethnic group (2003)	52.0% [1/12 countries]
% of those who feel very close to their ethnic group (1995)	67.7% [1/11 countries]

Personality> [9]

Human relations> [21]

Friendship> [37]

Denomination> [14]

Attitude toward religion> [53]

Religious group> [21]

Religious activities> [10]

Supernatural> [15]

	Japan
Voter turnout in the national election	56.0% (2021) [32/38 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, always to vote in elections (2014)	5.69 [14/26 countries]
% of those who think that the last national election was fair regarding the opportunities of the candidates and parties to campaign (2014)	46.3% [19/26 countries]
% of those who think that referendums are a good way to decide important political questions (2014)	61.2% [17/26 countries]
% of those who are proud of their country in the way democracy works (2013)	71.5% [8/26 countries]
% of those who are proud of their country in the way democracy works (2003)	64.3% [15/27 countries]
% of those who are proud of their country in the way democracy works (1995)	66.3% [10/20 countries]
% of those who think that giving people more say is the most important aim of the country out of maintaining national order/ giving people more say/ fighting rising prices/ protecting freedom of speech (2010)	43.9% [2/29 countries]
% of those who think that giving people more say is the most important aim of the country out of maintaining national order/ giving people more say/ fighting rising prices/ protecting freedom of speech (2000)	44.2% [1/22 countries]
% of those who think that giving people more say is the most important aim of the country out of maintaining national order/ giving people more say/ fighting rising prices/ protecting freedom of speech (1993)	44.6% [3/17 countries]
% of those who think that protecting freedom of speech is the most important aim of the country out of maintaining national order/ giving people more say/ fighting rising prices/ protecting freedom of speech (2010)	3.6% [28/29 countries]
% of those who think that protecting freedom of speech is the most important aim of the country out of maintaining national order/ giving people more say/ fighting rising prices/ protecting freedom of speech (2000)	6.7% [20/22 countries]
% of those who think that protecting freedom of speech is the most important aim of the country out of maintaining national order/ giving people more say/ fighting rising prices/ protecting freedom of speech (1993)	10.2% [9/17 countries]
Extent to which people think democracy works well in their country today (2014)	5.24 [16/26 countries]
Extent to which people think democracy worked well in their country 10 years ago (2014)	5.33 [18/26 countries]
Extent to which people think democracy will work well in their country 10 years from now (2014)	4.82 [21/26 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that all citizens have an adequate standard of living (2014)	5.97 [24/26 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that all citizens have an adequate standard of living (2004)	5.96 [28/29 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that government authorities respect and protect the rights of minorities (2014)	4.59 [26/26 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that government authorities respect and protect the rights of minorities (2004)	4.46 [29/29 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that people be given more opportunities to participate in public decision-making (2014)	5.34 [25/26 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that people be given more opportunities to participate in public decision-making (2004)	6.07 [12/29 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that citizens may engage in acts of civil disobedience when they oppose government actions (2014)	4.43 [17/26 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that citizens may engage in acts of civil disobedience when they oppose government actions (2004)	4.77 [12/29 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that governments respect democratic rights whatever the circumstances (2014)	5.66 [24/26 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that people convicted of serious crimes lose their citizen rights (2014)	4.94 [15/26 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that long-term residents of a country, who are not citizens, have the right to vote in that countryfs national elections (2014)	4.59 [6/26 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that citizens have the right not to vote (2014)	3.61 [26/26 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that health care be provided for everyone (2014)	6.43 [18/26 countries]

	Japan
Statutory number of members (As of February 16, 2023)	465 [6/38 countries]
Inhabitants per parliamentarian (2021)	179,488 [3/38 countries]
% of women in parliament (As of February 16, 2023)	9.96% [38/38 countries]
% of MPs 40 years of age or younger (As of February 16, 2023)	6.02% [37/38 countries]
Women in ministerial positions (% of all ministers) (2021)	10.0% [37/38 countries]
Average age of cabinet members (2018)	62.40 [1/35 countries]
% of those who trust politicians (2014)	9.3% [25/26 countries]
% of those who trust politicians (2010)	7.5% [27/29 countries]
% of those who trust politicians (2004)	8.9% [29/29 countries]
% of those who think that most politicians are in politics only for what they can get out of it personally (2010)	62.0% [14/29 countries]
% of those who think that many politicians are involved in corruption (2016)	36.2% [14/25 countries]
% of those who think that many politicians are involved in corruption (2006)	42.2% [12/23 countries]
% of those who think that most politicians are in politics only for their own interest (2014)	52.9% [11/26 countries]
% of those who think that most politicians are in politics only for their own interest (2004)	59.2% [12/29 countries]

	Japan
% of those who think that political parties encourage people to become active in politics (2014)	18.4% [24/26 countries]
% of those who think that political parties encourage people to become active in politics (2004)	14.7% [29/29 countries]
% of those who think that political parties do not give voters real policy choices (2014)	53.4% [7/26 countries]
% of those who think that political parties do not give voters real policy choices (2004)	58.9% [8/29 countries]
% of those who belong to a political party (2014)	5.4% [17/26 countries]
% of those who belong to a political party (2004)	5.2% [19/27 countries]
% of those who belong to a political party (2001)	8.5% [10/20 countries]
% of those who think that people who vote for the party/the parties in government have the most influence on the actions of the government (2016)	18.3% [4/25 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, to be active in social or political associations (2014)	3.82 [18/26 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, to be active in social or political associations (2004)	3.85 [17/29 countries]

	Japan
% of those who have confidence in parliament (2018)	34.1% [23/24 countries]
% of those who have confidence in parliament (2008)	26.7% [28/30 countries]
% of those who have confidence in parliament (1998)	20.4% [26/26 countries]
% of those who think that MPs try to keep the promises they have made during the election (2016)	10.2% [22/25 countries]
% of those who think that MPs try to keep the promises they have made during the election (2006)	12.0% [17/23 countries]
% of those who think that MPs try to keep the promises they have made during the election (1996)	14.1% [15/18 countries]
% of those who think that the parliament considers your action if you take action against an unjust or harmful law (2014)	6.2% [25/26 countries]
% of those who think that the parliament considers your action if you take action against an unjust or harmful law (2004)	6.9% [27/27 countries]

	Japan
Degree of interest in politics (5 steps) (2016)	2.87 [14/24 countries]
Degree of interest in politics (5 steps) (2006)	2.96 [12/25 countries]
Degree of interest in politics (5 steps) (1996)	2.90 [14/20 countries]
% of those interested in politics (4 choices) (2014)	63.3% [4/26 countries]
% of those interested in politics (4 choices) (2007)	68.4% [2/21 countries]
% of those interested in politics (4 choices) (2004)	66.2% [2/27 countries]
% of those who think that their political position is left (2014)	4.1% [26/26 countries]
% of those who think that their political position is center (2014)	63.2% [2/26 countries]
% of those who think that their political position is right (2014)	14.5% [19/26 countries]
Average of political position (2014)	5.51 [5/26 countries]
% of those who often or sometimes discuss political matters with friends, relatives or fellow workers (2014)	44.8% [17/26 countries]
% of those who often or sometimes discuss political matters with friends, relatives or fellow workers (2004)	49.3% [17/29 countries]
% of those who read the political content of a newspaper every day (2014)	37.8% [4/18 countries]
% of those who read the political content of a newspaper every day (2004)	33.4% [3/16 countries]
% of those who never read the political content of a newspaper (2014)	28.1% [9/18 countries]
% of those who never read the political content of a newspaper (2004)	17.8% [8/16 countries]
% of those who use the media to obtain political news or information every day (2014)	62.0% [22/26 countries]
% of those who never use the media to obtain political news or information (2014)	4.5% [11/26 countries]
% of those who watch political news on television every day (2014)	60.5% [4/18 countries]
% of those who watch political news on television every day (2004)	55.8% [3/16 countries]
% of those who never watch political news on television (2014)	7.0% [9/18 countries]
% of those who never watch political news on television (2004)	5.1% [11/16 countries]
% of those who listen to political news on the radio every day (2014)	15.3% [15/18 countries]
% of those who listen to political news on the radio every day (2004)	12.3% [16/16 countries]
% of those who never listen to political news on the radio (2014)	63.5% [3/18 countries]
% of those who never listen to political news on the radio (2004)	61.6% [1/16 countries]
% of those who use the Internet to obtain political news or information every day (2014)	19.3% [12/17 countries]
% of those who use the Internet to obtain political news or information every day (2004)	4.5% [4/16 countries]
% of those who never use the Internet to obtain political news or information (2014)	57.5% [4/17 countries]
% of those who never use the Internet to obtain political news or information (2004)	80.7% [4/16 countries]
% of those who have expressed political views on the internet (2014)	1.9% [26/26 countries]
% of those who often or sometimes try to persuade your friends, relatives or fellow workers to share their political opinion (2014)	14.4% [26/26 countries]
% of those who often or sometimes try to persuade your friends, relatives or fellow workers to share their political opinion (2004)	20.1% [27/29 countries]
% of young people (-29) who often or sometimes discuss political matters with friends, relatives or fellow workers (2014)	0.3% [19/26 countries]
% of those who think that others are better informed about politics and government (2014)	24.0% [17/26 countries]
% of those who think that others are better informed about politics and government (2006)	21.6% [18/25 countries]
% of those who think that others are better informed about politics and government (2004)	21.7% [19/29 countries]
% of those who think that others are better informed about politics and government (1996)	37.8% [8/20 countries]
% of those who think that they understand political issues of the country (2016)	17.8% [25/25 countries]
% of those who think that they understand political issues of the country (2014)	25.4% [26/26 countries]
% of those who think that they understand political issues of the country (2006)	20.5% [23/23 countries]
% of those who think that they understand political issues of the country (2004)	28.1% [27/27 countries]
% of those who think that they understand political issues of the country (1996)	21.4% [18/18 countries]
% of those who think that ordinary citizens have no political voice (2017)	9.4% [21/21 countries]
% of those who think that ordinary citizens have no political voice (2016)	16.0% [25/25 countries]
% of those who think that ordinary citizens have no political voice (2014)	11.4% [25/26 countries]
% of those who think that ordinary citizens have no political voice (2006)	15.6% [23/23 countries]
% of those who think that ordinary citizens have no political voice (2004)	10.8% [26/27 countries]
% of those who think that ordinary citizens have no political voice (2001)	20.8% [13/13 countries]
% of those who think that ordinary citizens have no political voice (1996)	17.8% [18/18 countries]
% of those who think that ordinary citizens have considerable influence on politics (2006)	38.0% [4/25 countries]
% of those who think that ordinary citizens have considerable influence on politics (1996)	49.9% [1/20 countries]
% of those who think that citizens in general has the most influence on the actions of the government (2016)	6.9% [15/25 countries]
% of those who do not think that the government cares much what people like them think (2014)	65.9% [7/26 countries]
% of those who do not think that the government cares much what people like them think (2004)	74.8% [5/29 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, to keep watch on the actions of government (2014)	5.53 [11/26 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, to keep watch on the actions of government (2004)	5.66 [10/29 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, to try to understand the reasoning of people with other opinions (2014)	5.28 [22/26 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, to try to understand the reasoning of people with other opinions (2004)	5.30 [26/29 countries]

	Japan
% of those who would take action when the parliament considers an unjust or harmful law (2014)	20.8% [23/26 countries]
% of those who would take action when the parliament considers an unjust or harmful law (2004)	22.1% [27/29 countries]
% of those who have attempted to contact a politician or a civil servant to express their views (2014)	4.6% [25/26 countries]
% of those who have attempted to contact a politician or a civil servant to express their views (2004)	5.8% [28/29 countries]
% of those who have donated money or raised funds for a social or political activity (2014)	25.5% [19/26 countries]
% of those who have donated money or raised funds for a social or political activity (2004)	42.9% [15/29 countries]
% of those who have signed a petition (2014)	42.6% [18/26 countries]
% of those who have signed a petition (2004)	55.2% [17/29 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, to choose products for political, ethical or environmental reasons, even if they cost a bit more (2014)	4.33 [19/26 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, to choose products for political, ethical or environmental reasons, even if they cost a bit more (2004)	4.33 [15/29 countries]
% of those who take part in activities of political parties, political groups or associations once a month or more (2017)	0.9% [21/21 countries]
% of those who never take part in activities of political parties, political groups or associations (2017)	92.1% [2/21 countries]
% of those who have attended a political meeting (2014)	10.7% [23/26 countries]
% of those who have attended a political meeting (2004)	14.9% [25/29 countries]
% of those who would attend a public meeting organized to protest against a government action they strongly opposed (1996)	22.7% [18/18 countries]
% of those who think that it should be allowed to organise public meetings to protest against the government (2016)	87.4% [13/25 countries]
% of those who think that it should be allowed to organise public meetings to protest against the government (2006)	88.0% [12/23 countries]
% of those who think that it should be allowed to organise public meetings to protest against the government (1996)	84.1% [14/18 countries]
% of those who have attended demonstrations (2014)	7.1% [24/26 countries]
% of those who have attended demonstrations (2004)	8.3% [27/29 countries]
% of those who would go on a protest march or demonstration to protest against a government action they strongly opposed (1996)	18.2% [18/18 countries]
% of those who think that it should be allowed to organise protest marches and demonstrations (2016)	78.4% [16/25 countries]
% of those who think that it should be allowed to organise protest marches and demonstrations (2006)	79.5% [14/23 countries]
% of those who think that it should be allowed to organise protest marches and demonstrations (1996)	80.5% [10/18 countries]
% of those who think that people who want to overthrow the government by revolution should be allowed to hold public meetings (2016)	67.5% [4/25 countries]
% of those who think that people who want to overthrow the government by revolution should be allowed to hold public meetings (2006)	66.1% [3/23 countries]
% of those who think that people who want to overthrow the government by revolution should be allowed to hold public meetings (1996)	59.3% [7/18 countries]
% of those who think that people who want to overthrow the government by force should be allowed to hold public meetings (2014)	4.7% [25/26 countries]
% of those who think that people who want to overthrow the government by force should be allowed to hold public meetings (2004)	4.6% [25/27 countries]
% of those who think that people who want to overthrow the government by revolution should be allowed to publish books expressing their views (2016)	77.2% [4/25 countries]
% of those who think that people who want to overthrow the government by revolution should be allowed to publish books expressing their views (2006)	76.5% [4/23 countries]
% of those who think that people who want to overthrow the government by revolution should be allowed to publish books expressing their views (1996)	74.0% [5/18 countries]

	Japan
Employment in general government as % of total employment	5.89% (2017) [33/33 countries]
% of central government employees aged 55 years or older (2020)	17.82% [32/36 countries]
% of those who trust in civil servants (2016)	17.3% [19/25 countries]
% of those who trust in civil servants (2006)	10.6% [23/23 countries]
% of those who trust in civil servants (1996)	18.7% [13/18 countries]
% of those who think that the public service is committed to serve the people (2014)	24.6% [25/25 countries]
% of those who think that the public service is committed to serve the people (2004)	17.5% [29/29 countries]
Evaluation of control of corruption (0-100) (2021)	90.9 [15/38 countries]
% of those who think that few public officials are involved in corruption (2014)	35.3% [12/26 countries]
% of those who think that few public officials are involved in corruption (2006)	33.2% [10/23 countries]
% of those who think that few public officials are involved in corruption (2004)	19.1% [19/27 countries]
% of those who think that many public officials are involved in corruption (2016)	18.9% [17/25 countries]
% of those who say that they or their family have never come across a public official who hinted/ wanted a bribe in the last five years (2016)	87.1% [12/25 countries]
% of those who say that they or their family have never come across a public official who hinted/ wanted a bribe in the last five years (2006)	84.1% [16/26 countries]
% of those who turn to family members or close friends first to help them with administrative problems or official paperwork (2017)	60.7% [5/21 countries]
% of those who turn to private companies first to help them with administrative problems or official paperwork (2017)	2.9% [17/21 countries]
% of those who turn to public services first to help them with administrative problems or official paperwork (2017)	32.0% [3/21 countries]

	Japan
General government expenditures as % of GDP (2022)	43.4% [19/38 countries]
General government primary net lending/borrowing as % of GDP (2022)	-7.55% [38/38 countries]
General government gross debt as % of GDP (2022)	264% [1/38 countries]
% of those who are in favour of cuts in government spending (2016)	74.1% [7/25 countries]
% of those who are in favour of cuts in government spending (2006)	79.7% [7/23 countries]
% of those who are in favour of cuts in government spending (1996)	78.0% [9/18 countries]
General government expenditures for General public services, as % of GDP (2020)	3.8% [27/30 countries]
General government expenditures for Defence, as % of GDP (2020)	0.9% [22/30 countries]
General government expenditures for Public order and safety, as % of GDP (2020)	1.3% [25/30 countries]
General government expenditures for economic affairs, as % of GDP (2020)	8.8% [6/30 countries]
General government expenditures for Environment protection, as % of GDP (2020)	1.3% [4/30 countries]
General government expenditures for Housing and community amenities, as % of GDP (2020)	0.7% [6/30 countries]
General government expenditures for Health, as % of GDP (2020)	8.6% [9/30 countries]
General government expenditures for Recreation, culture and religion, as % of GDP (2020)	0.4% [29/30 countries]
General government expenditures for Education, as % of GDP (2020)	3.6% [29/30 countries]
General government expenditures for Education, as % of GDP (2020)	3.6% [29/30 countries]
General government expenditures for Social protection, as % of GDP (2020)	17.8% [16/30 countries]

	Japan
General government revenues as % of GDP (2022)	36% [27/38 countries]
Value Added Tax/ General Sales Tax - Rates (2021)	10.0% [31/35 countries]
Corporate income tax rate (central + sub-central) (2021)	29.74% [7/38 countries]
Taxes on income, profits and capital gains, % of GDP (2019)	9.7% [22/38 countries]
Social security contributions, % of GDP (2019)	12.9% [11/38 countries]
Taxes on property, % of GDP (2019)	2.6% [11/38 countries]
Taxes on goods and services, % of GDP (2019)	6.2% [35/38 countries]
% of those who think that taxes are too high for those with high incomes (2019)	21.4% [9/20 countries]
% of those who think that taxes are too high for those with high incomes (2016)	17.8% [13/25 countries]
% of those who think that taxes are too high for those with high incomes (2009)	16.8% [18/30 countries]
% of those who think that taxes are too high for those with high incomes (2006)	18.4% [16/23 countries]
% of those who think that taxes are too high for those with high incomes (1996)	24.2% [9/18 countries]
% of those who think that taxes are too low for those with high incomes (2019)	57.1% [4/20 countries]
% of those who think that taxes are too low for those with high incomes (2016)	57.5% [7/25 countries]
% of those who think that taxes are too low for those with high incomes (2009)	59.2% [9/30 countries]
% of those who think that taxes are too low for those with high incomes (2006)	61.3% [4/23 countries]
% of those who think that taxes are too low for those with high incomes (1996)	50.3% [8/18 countries]
% of those who think that people with high incomes should pay a larger % of their income in taxes than those with low incomes (2019)	90.2% [1/20 countries]
% of those who think that people with high incomes should pay a larger % of their income in taxes than those with low incomes (2009)	88.0% [3/30 countries]
% of those who think that people with high incomes should pay a larger % of their income in taxes than those with low incomes (1999)	91.0% [1/21 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, never to try to evade taxes (2014)	6.42 [5/26 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, never to try to evade taxes (2004)	6.44 [1/29 countries]
% of those who think that the tax authorities always/ often make sure people pay their taxes (2016)	67.5% [19/25 countries]
% of those who think that the tax authorities always/ often treat everyone in accordance with the law, regardless of their contacts or position in society (2016)	54.7% [9/25 countries]

	Japan
% of those who are proud of their country in its social security system (2013)	56.2% [12/26 countries]
% of those who are proud of their country in its social security system (2003)	40.5% [18/27 countries]
% of those who are proud of their country in its social security system (1995)	47.1% [12/20 countries]
% of those who think that the social benefits in their country make people lazy (2017)	21.5% [21/21 countries]
% of those who would like to see more government spending in old age pensions (2016)	46.0% [22/25 countries]
% of those who would like to see more government spending in old age pensions (2006)	56.4% [16/23 countries]
% of those who would like to see more government spending in old age pensions (1996)	59.5% [10/18 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing a decent standard of living for the old (2016)	76.3% [25/25 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing a decent standard of living for the old (2006)	88.5% [23/23 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing a decent standard of living for the old (2001)	82.4% [20/20 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing a decent standard of living for the old (1996)	90.8% [17/18 countries]
% of those who think that the government is successful in the provision of decent life for the old (2016)	25.3% [10/15 countries]
% of those who think that the government is successful in the provision of decent life for the old (2006)	23.0% [17/23 countries]
% of those who think that the government should primarily provide care for older people (2017)	64.1% [15/21 countries]
% of those who think that the government should primarily provide care for older people (2016)	48.3% [25/25 countries]
% of those who think that private companies should primarily provide care for older people (2017)	15.7% [1/21 countries]
% of those who think that private companies should primarily provide care for older people (2016)	23.8% [1/25 countries]
% of those who think that family, relatives or friends should primarily provide care for older people (2017)	14.2% [12/21 countries]
% of those who think that family, relatives or friends should primarily provide care for older people (2016)	21.2% [5/25 countries]
% of those who think "government agencies should primarily provide help in everyday life for elderly people (2012)	20.5% [27/31 countries]
% of those who think that the government/public funds should primarily cover the costs of the help to elderly people (2012)	53.1% [23/31 countries]
Maternal leave benefits (% of wages) (2017)	67 [28/32 countries]
% of those who think that 1-6 months of paid parental leave is necessary (2012)	39.4% [12/31 countries]
% of those who think that 7-12 months of paid parental leave is necessary (2012)	32.0% [15/31 countries]
% of those who think that 13-36 months of paid parental leave is necessary (2012)	12.9% [14/31 countries]
% of those who think that 13-36 months of paid parental leave is necessary (2012)	4.0% [15/31 countries]
% of those who think that the government should pay for parental leave (2012)	26.1% [24/31 countries]
% of those who think that the employer should pay for parental leave (2012)	12.4% [6/31 countries]
% of those who think that both the government and the employer should pay for parental leave (2012)	59.5% [8/31 countries]
% of those who think the employers should primarily cover the costs of childcare for children under school age (2012)	1.1% [25/31 countries]
% of those who think the family itself should primarily cover the costs of childcare for children under school age (2012)	60.3% [11/31 countries]
% of those who think the government/public funds should primarily cover the costs of childcare for children under school age (2012)	38.6% [18/31 countries]
% of those who think government agencies should primarily provide childcare for children under school age (2012)	11.1% [29/31 countries]
% of those who think that poverty is the most important issue for their country (2010)	4.8% [20/28 countries]
% of those who think that the government should spend less on benefits for the poor (2009)	7.4% [24/30 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing decent housing for those who can't afford it (2016)	37.6% [25/25 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing decent housing for those who can't afford it (2006)	37.9% [23/23 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing decent housing for those who can't afford it (1996)	59.6% [18/18 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, to help people in the country who are worse off than themselves (2014)	5.03 [24/26 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, to help people in the country who are worse off than themselves (2004)	5.11 [27/29 countries]

	Japan
% of those who think that it is worse to convict an innocent person than to let a guilty person go free (2016)	73.9% [13/25 countries]
% of those who think that it is worse to convict an innocent person than to let a guilty person go free (2006)	72.7% [16/23 countries]
% of those who think that it is worse to convict an innocent person than to let a guilty person go free (1996)	68.6% [15/18 countries]
% of those who follow conscience rather than law on occasions (2 choices) (2016)	65.6% [4/25 countries]
% of those who follow conscience rather than law on occasions (2 choices) (2006)	75.7% [2/23 countries]
% of those who follow conscience rather than law on occasions (2 choices) (1996)	67.2% [6/18 countries]
% of those who follow conscience rather than law on occasions (5 choices) (2000)	43.2% [5/11 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, always to obey laws and regulations (2014)	6.36 [6/26 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, always to obey laws and regulations (2004)	6.28 [13/29 countries]
Extent to which people trust the courts (2017)	6.26 [7/21 countries]
% of those who have confidence in the justice system (5 choices) (2018)	75.5% [10/24 countries]
% of those who have confidence in the justice system (5 choices) (2008)	73.0% [13/30 countries]

	Japan
Population (ten thousands) (2021)	12,568.2 [3/38 countries]
Popuation growth (annual) (2021)	-0.5% [34/38 countries]
Popuation change in the last 20 years (2001-2021)	-1.2% [32/38 countries]
0-14 years, % of the total population (2021)	12.3% [37/38 countries]
15-64 years, % of the total population (2021)	59.0% [38/38 countries]
65 years and over, % of the total population (2021)	28.7% [1/38 countries]
Life expectancy at birth - Both sexes (years) (2020)	84.6 [1/38 countries]
Life expectancy at birth - Female (years) (2020)	87.7 [1/38 countries]
Life expectancy at birth - Male (years) (2020)	81.6 [2/38 countries]
Population density (per square kilometer) (2021)	344.8 [5/38 countries]
Population in urban agglomerations of more than 1 million (% of total population) (2021)	64.9 [1/31 countries]
% of those who think that population growth cannot be supported (2010)	52.4% [20/29 countries]
% of those who think that population growth cannot be supported (2000)	65.7% [8/19 countries]
% of those who think that there is strong conflicts between young people and older people (2019)	26.6% [7/20 countries]
% of those who think that there is strong conflicts between young people and older people (1999)	36.7% [6/21 countries]
% of those who think that younger people should be medically prioritized over older people (2011)	40.6% [17/25 countries]

	Japan
Crude marriage rate (marriages per 1,000 population)	4.3 (2020) [14/37 countries]
Crude divorce rate (divorces per 1,000 population)	1.6 (2020) [27/37 countries]
Relative divorce rate (ratio of divorces to marriages in the latest year) (2008-2020)	0.37 [29/37 countries]
% of ever married at 50-54, men	81.3% (2015) [25/36 countries]
% of ever married at 50-54, women	89.3% (2015) [20/36 countries]
% of those who have lived together without getting married (1994)	3.3% [17/17 countries]
% of those who think that it is a good idea for a couple who intend to get married to live together first (2002)	31.5% [25/25 countries]
% of those who think that it is a good idea for a couple who intend to get married to live together first (1998)	38.5% [1/24 countries]
% of those who think that it is a good idea for a couple who intend to get married to live together first (1994)	22.9% [18/18 countries]
% of those who lived with their husband or wife before they got married (1994)	7.6% [16/18 countries]
% of those who think that married people are generally happier than unmarried people (2012)	29.8% [13/24 countries]
% of those who think that married people are generally happier than unmarried people (2002)	35.5% [11/25 countries]
% of those who think that married people are generally happier than unmarried people (1994)	40.2% [9/18 countries]
% of those who think that it is better to have a bad marriage than no marriage at all (2002)	9.5% [6/25 countries]
% of those who think that it is better to have a bad marriage than no marriage at all (1994)	10.3% [5/18 countries]
% of those who think that people who want children ought to get married (2012)	73.2% [2/30 countries]
% of those who think that people who want children ought to get married (2002)	62.3% [5/25 countries]
% of those who think that people who want children ought to get married (1994)	62.0% [6/18 countries]
% of those who think that the main purpose of marriage these days is to have children (1994)	18.8% [14/18 countries]
% of those who think that it is all right for a couple to live together without intending to get married (2012)	43.1% [20/24 countries]
% of those who think that it is all right for a couple to live together without intending to get married (2002)	42.5% [24/25 countries]
% of those who think that it is all right for a couple to live together without intending to get married (1998)	41.7% [2/24 countries]
% of those who think that it is all right for a couple to live together without intending to get married (1994)	37.3% [18/18 countries]
% of those who think that a couple should divorce when their marriage does not work well (2012)	36.0% [23/24 countries]
% of those who think that a couple should divorce when their marriage does not work well (2002)	33.8% [25/25 countries]
% of those who think that a couple should divorce when their marriage does not work well (1994)	35.1% [18/18 countries]
% of those who think that the main advantage of marriage is that it gives financial security (1994)	42.4% [3/18 countries]
% of those who think that adultery is always wrong (2018)	40.8% [21/23 countries]
% of those who think that adultery is always wrong (2008)	47.6% [25/30 countries]
% of those who think that adultery is always wrong (1998)	46.2% [19/24 countries]
% of those who think that adultery is always wrong (1994)	58.1% [15/18 countries]
% of those who think that sex before marriage is always wrong (2008)	8.0% [17/30 countries]
% of those who think that sex before marriage is always wrong (1998)	11.9% [13/24 countries]
% of those who think that sex under 16 years old is always wrong (1994)	60.1% [7/18 countries]
% of those who think that homosexuality is always wrong (2018)	17.0% [15/24 countries]
% of those who think that homosexuality is always wrong (2008)	33.7% [19/30 countries]
% of those who think that homosexuality is always wrong (1998)	43.2% [14/24 countries]
% of those who think that homosexuality is always wrong (1994)	64.9% [6/18 countries]

	Japan
Fertility rate, total (births per woman) (2020)	1.34 [34/38 countries]
Crude birth rate (per 1,000 people) (2020)	6.8 [36/38 countries]
Mean age of women at childbirth (2020)	32.0 [7/38 countries]
% of those who think that their ideal number of children is 3 or more (2012)	58.2% [4/25 countries]
% of those who think that their ideal number of children is 3 or more (1994)	62.2% [3/18 countries]
Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births) (2017)	5 [20/38 countries]
Infant mortality rate (deaths per 1,000 live births) (2020)	1.8 [34/38 countries]
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) (2020)	2 [33/38 countries]
Adolescent fertility rate (Births per 1,000 women aged 15-19) (2020)	3.4 [35/38 countries]
% of births outside of marriage (2018)	2.3% [36/37 countries]
% of those who think that it is wrong for a woman to have an abortion if there is a strong chance of serious defect in the baby (2008)	32.7% [8/30 countries]
% of those who think that it is wrong for a woman to have an abortion if there is a strong chance of serious defect in the baby (1998)	26.9% [5/26 countries]
% of those who think that it is wrong for a woman to have an abortion if her family cannot afford any more children (2018)	39.3% [11/24 countries]
% of those who think that it is wrong for a woman to have an abortion if her family cannot afford any more children (2008)	51.4% [12/29 countries]
% of those who think that it is wrong for a woman to have an abortion if her family cannot afford any more children (1998)	52.9% [9/26 countries]

	Japan
% of children (aged 0-17) living with a single parent	12.2% (2015) [28/34 countries]
% of elderly who live with their child(ren) (2020)	36.2% [1/4 countries]
% of elderly who live with their child(ren) (2015)	40.3% [1/4 countries]
% of elderly who live with their child(ren) (2010)	45.5% [1/5 countries]
% of elderly who live with their child(ren) (2005)	47.3% [1/4 countries]
% of elderly who live with their child(ren) (2000)	53.8% [1/5 countries]
% of elderly who live with their child(ren) (1995)	69.0% [2/4 countries]
% of elderly who live with their child(ren) (1990)	68.7% [2/4 countries]
% of elderly who live with their child(ren) (1985)	85.4% [1/2 countries]
% of elderly who live with their child(ren) (1980)	84.2% [2/3 countries]
% of elderly who contact their child(ren) not living together more than once a week (2020)	0.4% [4/4 countries]
% of elderly who contact their child(ren) not living together more than once a week (2015)	0.5% [4/4 countries]
% of elderly who contact their child(ren) not living together more than once a week (2010)	52.0% [5/5 countries]
% of elderly who contact their child(ren) not living together more than once a week (2005)	46.8% [4/4 countries]
% of elderly who contact their child(ren) not living together more than once a week (2000)	47.2% [4/5 countries]
% of elderly who contact their child(ren) not living together more than once a week (1995)	30.2% [3/4 countries]
% of elderly who contact their child(ren) not living together more than once a week (1990)	31.5% [3/4 countries]
% of elderly who contact their child(ren) not living together more than once a week (1985)	33.5% [2/2 countries]
% of those who think that adult children have a duty to look after their elderly parents (2017)	43.1% [18/21 countries]
% of those who think that adult children have a duty to look after their elderly parents (2001)	53.6% [18/22 countries]
% of those who think that adult children are an important source of help for elderly parents (2012)	71.2% [11/30 countries]
% of those who think that having children interferes too much with the freedom of parents (2012)	33.4% [7/30 countries]
% of those who think that having children interferes too much with the freedom of parents (1994)	43.7% [2/19 countries]
% of those who think that one parent can bring up a child as well as two parents together (2012)	39.0% [19/23 countries]
% of those who think that one parent can bring up a child as well as two parents together (2002)	57.3% [4/27 countries]
% of those who think that one parent can bring up a child as well as two parents together (1994)	59.4% [1/19 countries]
% of those who think that watching children grow up is life's greatest joy (2012)	85.4% [25/30 countries]
% of those who think that watching children grow up is life's greatest joy (2002)	86.2% [18/27 countries]
% of those who think that watching children grow up is life's greatest joy (1994)	86.7% [10/19 countries]
% of those who think that children are a financial burden (2012)	40.5% [13/30 countries]
% of those who think that those with young children should be medically prioritized over those not (2011)	34.6% [16/25 countries]
% of those who think that a same sex female couple can bring up a child as well as a male-female couple (2012)	29.1% [17/23 countries]
% of those who think that a same sex male couple can bring up a child as well as a male-female couple (2012)	23.5% [17/23 countries]
% of those who think that having children increases people's social standing in society (2012)	40.8% [11/30 countries]
% of those who think that having children restricts the employment and career chances (2012)	40.5% [13/30 countries]

	Japan
% of those who live with their brother/ sister, among those who have brother/ sister (2017)	8.3% [2/21 countries]
% of those who but do not live with their brother/ sister but contact frequently (2017)	23.3% [21/21 countries]
Total public social expenditure on families as % of GDP (2017)	1.79% [26/37 countries]
% of those who think that they should take care of themselves and their family first, before helping other people (2017)	67.3% [15/21 countries]
% of those who think that they should take care of themselves and their family first, before helping other people (2017)	19.9% [21/21 countries]
% of those who think that they should take care of themselves and their family first, before helping other people (2001)	69.3% [13/22 countries]
% of those who think that their family members put pressure on them about the way they live or organise their personal life (2017)	24.3% [11/21 countries]
% of those who feel that their family, relatives and/or friends make too many demands on them (2017)	23.1% [11/21 countries]
% of those who feel that their family, relatives and/or friends make too many demands on them (2001)	42.3% [4/22 countries]
% of those who face anger of their family or close friends (2017)	36.2% [4/21 countries]
Extent of satisfaction with family life (7 steps) (2012)	5.03 [29/31 countries]
Extent of satisfaction with family life (7 steps) (2002)	5.52 [16/27 countries]
Extent of satisfaction with the relationships with family members (7 steps) (2018)	5.51 [20/24 countries]
Fathers' time spent on physical care and child supervision (as mothers=100) (Latest available year)	12.7 [20/20 countries]
Fathers' time spent teaching, reading, and playing with children (as mothers=100) (Latest available year)	34.0 [20/20 countries]

	Japan
Prevalence of stunting in children under 5 (%) (2020)	5.5% [4/16 countries]
Prevalence of overweight in children under 5 (%) (2020)	2.4% [17/17 countries]
Proportion of ever-partnered women and girls aged 15?49 years subjected to physical and/or sexual violence by a current or former intimate partner in their lifetime (%) (2018)	20% [22/35 countries]

	Japan
International migrant stock (% of immigrants in the population) (2020)	2.2% [36/38 countries]
Refugee population by country or territory of asylum (2019)	1,463 [32/38 countries]
Refugee population by country or territory of asylum (per 10,000 people) (2019)	0.1 [37/38 countries]
% of those who experience migration (2008)	56.2% [26/30 countries]
% of those who experience migration (2001)	70.9% [9/20 countries]
% of those who experience international migration (2008)	1.1% [30/30 countries]
% of those who turn to family members or close friends first to find a place to live (2017)	48.4% [10/21 countries]
% of those who turn to private companies first to find a place to live (2017)	36.1% [1/21 countries]
% of those who turn to public services first to find a place to live (2017)	9.4% [16/21 countries]
% of those who think that the number of immigrants to the country nowadays should be increased (2013)	20.5% [2/26 countries]
% of those who think that the number of immigrants to the country nowadays should be increased (2003)	13.2% [7/27 countries]
% of those who think that the number of immigrants to the country nowadays should be increased (1995)	15.7% [3/20 countries]
% of those who think that the number of immigrants to the country nowadays should be reduced (2013)	23.5% [25/26 countries]
% of those who think that the number of immigrants to the country nowadays should be reduced (2003)	51.9% [18/27 countries]
% of those who think that the number of immigrants to the country nowadays should be reduced (1995)	42.3% [17/20 countries]
% of those who think that immigrants increase crime rates (2013)	41.6% [19/26 countries]
% of those who think that immigrants increase crime rates (2003)	71.8% [4/27 countries]
% of those who think that immigrants increase crime rates (1995)	65.2% [6/20 countries]
% of those who think that immigration is the most important issue for their country (2010)	0.5% [27/28 countries]
% of those who think that there is strong conflicts between domestic-born and foreign-born (2019)	29.4% [18/20 countries]
% of those who think that immigrants are generally good for the country's economy (2013)	38.6% [13/26 countries]
% of those who think that immigrants are generally good for the country's economy (2003)	36.1% [13/27 countries]
% of those who think that immigrants are generally good for the country's economy (1995)	40.9% [6/20 countries]
% of those who agree that immigrants take jobs away from people who were born in the country (2013)	14.9% [23/26 countries]
% of those who agree that immigrants take jobs away from people who were born in the country (2003)	27.6% [17/27 countries]
% of those who agree that immigrants take jobs away from people who were born in the country (1995)	14.8% [20/20 countries]
% of those who think that immigrants improve your country's society by bringing in new ideas and cultures (2013)	25.9% [21/26 countries]
% of those who think that immigrants improve your country's society by bringing in new ideas and cultures (2003)	19.5% [26/27 countries]
% of those who think that immigrants improve your country's society by bringing in new ideas and cultures (1995)	51.7% [13/20 countries]
% of those who agree that it is impossible for people who do not share their country's customs and traditions to become fully their country's nationalty (2013)	49.9% [17/26 countries]
% of those who agree that it is impossible for people who do not share their country's customs and traditions to become fully their country's nationalty (2003)	53.8% [13/26 countries]
% of those who agree that it is impossible for people who do not share their country's customs and traditions to become fully their country's nationalty (1995)	52.2% [10/20 countries]
% of those who agree that ethnic minorities should be given government assistance to preserve their customs and traditions (2013)	42.3% [10/26 countries]
% of those who agree that ethnic minorities should be given government assistance to preserve their customs and traditions (2003)	52.6% [8/26 countries]
% of those who agree that ethnic minorities should be given government assistance to preserve their customs and traditions (1995)	60.2% [6/20 countries]
% of those who think that immigrants should give up original culture and adopt their culture (2013)	6.9% [21/26 countries]
% of those who think that it is better for society if different racial and ethnic groups maintain their distinct customs and traditions (2013)	90.8% [1/26 countries]
% of those who think that it is better for society if different racial and ethnic groups maintain their distinct customs and traditions (2003)	88.9% [1/27 countries]
% of those who think that it is better for society if different racial and ethnic groups maintain their distinct customs and traditions (1995)	85.1% [1/20 countries]
% of those who agree that their country's culture is generally undermined by immigrants (2013)	16.1% [25/26 countries]
% of those who think that foreigners should not be allowed to buy land in this country (2013)	52.1% [10/26 countries]
% of those who think that foreigners should not be allowed to buy land in this country (2003)	28.6% [19/27 countries]
% of those who think that foreigners should not be allowed to buy land in this country (1995)	28.4% [16/20 countries]
% of those who agree that legal immigrants to their country who are not citizens should have the same rights as their country's citizens (2013)	55.7% [3/26 countries]
% of those who agree that legal immigrants to their country who are not citizens should have the same rights as their country's citizens (2003)	66.5% [4/27 countries]
% of those who agree that their country should take stronger measures to exclude illegal immigrants (2013)	79.5% [4/26 countries]
% of those who agree that their country should take stronger measures to exclude illegal immigrants (2003)	86.2% [5/27 countries]
% of those who agree that their country should take stronger measures to exclude illegal immigrants (1995)	73.8% [14/15 countries]
% of those who agree that legal immigrants should have equal access to public education (2013)	82.2% [11/26 countries]
% of those who think that people prejudiced against any racial or ethnic group should be allowed to hold public meetings (2014)	6.4% [26/26 countries]

	Japan
GDP (current US$, billions) (2021)	4,937.422 [2/38 countries]
GDP per capita (current US$) (2021)	39,340 [20/38 countries]
GDP per capita (PPP, current international$) (2021)	44,739 [22/38 countries]
GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) (2021)	42,620 [19/37 countries]
Labour Productivity (GDP per hour worked, current PPP US$) (2020)	50.0 [21/35 countries]
Shadow economy, as % of GDP (2015)	8.2% [33/38 countries]
% of those who think that the economy is the most important issue for their country (2010)	58.1% [1/28 countries]
Total reserves (includes gold, 100 million US$) (2021)	14,057 [1/38 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing industry with the help it needs to grow (2016)	72.2% [19/25 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing industry with the help it needs to grow (2006)	66.6% [20/23 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing industry with the help it needs to grow (1996)	75.3% [16/18 countries]
% of those who are proud of their country in its economic achievements (2013)	68.2% [7/26 countries]
% of those who are proud of their country in its economic achievements (2003)	61.1% [15/27 countries]
% of those who are proud of their country in its economic achievements (1995)	79.6% [5/20 countries]

	Japan
Share prices (10 years ago as 100) (2021)	199 [24/36 countries]
% of currency and deposits in household financial assets	54.7% (2021) [4/36 countries]

	Japan
Price level index - Gross Domestic Product [= the whole national economy] (OECD=100) (2017)	108 [12/38 countries]
Price level index - Food (OECD=100) (2017)	149 [3/38 countries]
Price level index - Bread and cereals (OECD=100) (2017)	151 [4/38 countries]
Price level index - Meat (OECD=100) (2017)	157 [4/38 countries]
Price level index - Fish (OECD=100) (2017)	101 [22/38 countries]
Price level index - Milk, cheese and eggs (OECD=100) (2017)	162 [3/38 countries]
Price level index - Fruits, vegetables, potatoes (OECD=100) (2017)	186 [1/38 countries]
Price level index - Non-alcoholic beverages (OECD=100) (2017)	115 [12/38 countries]
Price level index - Alcoholic beverages (OECD=100) (2017)	108 [15/38 countries]
Price level index - Tobacco (OECD=100) (2017)	69 [29/38 countries]
Price level index - Clothing and footwear (OECD=100) (2017)	101 [22/38 countries]
Price level index - Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels (OECD=100) (2017)	107 [18/38 countries]
Price level index - Hospital services (OECD=100) (2017)	96 [14/38 countries]
Price level index - Transport (OECD=100) (2017)	116 [14/38 countries]
Price level index - Communication (OECD=100) (2017)	121 [3/38 countries]
Price level index - Recreation and culture (OECD=100) (2017)	116 [8/38 countries]
Price level index - Education (OECD=100) (2017)	93 [17/38 countries]
Price level index - Restaurants and hotels (OECD=100) (2017)	102 [21/38 countries]
Price level index - Construction (OECD=100) (2017)	146 [5/38 countries]
Price level index - Services in total (OECD=100) (2017)	100 [18/38 countries]
Long-term interest rate (2021)	0.07% [22/36 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for keeping prices under control (2016)	87.9% [4/25 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for keeping prices under control (2006)	92.2% [5/23 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for keeping prices under control (1996)	96.0% [1/18 countries]
% of those who think that fighting rising prices is the most important aim of the country out of maintaining national order/ giving people more say/ fighting rising prices/ protecting freedom of speech (2010)	21.2% [18/29 countries]
% of those who think that fighting rising prices is the most important aim of the country out of maintaining national order/ giving people more say/ fighting rising prices/ protecting freedom of speech (2000)	19.9% [7/22 countries]
% of those who think that fighting rising prices is the most important aim of the country out of maintaining national order/ giving people more say/ fighting rising prices/ protecting freedom of speech (1993)	15.0% [10/17 countries]
% of those who would choose keeping down inflation rather than keeping down unemployment, (1996)	50.2% [4/15 countries]

	Japan
Income inequality (gini coefficient) (2018)	0.334 [26/35 countries]
Poverty rate after taxes and transfers (% of those below 50% of the current median income) (2018)	15.7% [8/35 countries]
% of those who are dissatisfied with their earnings (2009)	60.1% [15/30 countries]
% of those who are dissatisfied with their earnings (1999)	68.3% [8/20 countries]
% of those who think that it is difficult for their household to make ends meet (2019)	51.0% [1/20 countries]
% of those who think that it is difficult for their household to make ends meet (2017)	50.3% [1/20 countries]
% of those who think that it will be difficult for their household to make ends meet for the next 12 months (2019)	56.8% [1/20 countries]
% of those who skip a meal because there is not enough money once a month or more (2019)	5.1% [13/20 countries]
% of men who say that they have a higher income than their partner (2012)	88.3% [1/31 countries]
% of men who say that they have a higher income than their partner (2002)	92.8% [1/27 countries]
% of women who say that they have a higher income than their partner (2012)	5.8% [31/31 countries]
% of women who say that they have a higher income than their partner (2002)	4.0% [27/27 countries]
% of those who say that both partners have about the same income (2012)	6.5% [30/31 countries]
% of those who say that both partners have about the same income (2002)	4.8% [27/27 countries]
% of those who think that the income distribution of their country is unfair (2019)	77.0% [10/20 countries]
% of those who think that differences in income in the country are too large (2019)	73.7% [15/20 countries]
% of those who think that differences in income in the country are too large (2017)	72.4% [14/21 countries]
% of those who think that differences in income in the country are too large (2009)	77.9% [21/30 countries]
% of those who think that differences in income in the country are too large (1999)	69.1% [19/21 countries]
% of those who contact people who are a lot poorer than them every day (2019)	3.8% [20/20 countries]
% of those who contact people who are a lot richer than them every day (2019)	10.7% [17/20 countries]
Extent of anger at differences in wealth (2019)	5.53 [5/20 countries]
% of those who think that there is strong conflicts between poor people and rich people (2019)	33.8% [10/20 countries]
% of those who think that there is strong conflicts between poor people and rich people (2009)	35.6% [18/30 countries]
% of those who think that there is strong conflicts between poor people and rich people (1999)	37.3% [13/21 countries]
% of those who think that differences in peoplefs standard of living should be small for a society to be fair (2017)	59.0% [15/21 countries]
% of those who think that the government is responsible for reducing income inequality (5 choices) (2019)	55.5% [17/20 countries]
% of those who think that the government is responsible for reducing income inequality (5 choices) (2017)	49.8% [17/20 countries]
% of those who think that the government is responsible for reducing income inequality (5 choices) (2010)	54.2% [25/29 countries]
% of those who think that the government is responsible for reducing income inequality (5 choices) (2009)	54.4% [25/30 countries]
% of those who think that the government is responsible for reducing income inequality (5 choices) (2000)	42.3% [19/20 countries]
% of those who think that the government is responsible for reducing income inequality (5 choices) (1999)	52.6% [17/21 countries]
% of those who think that the government is responsible for reducing income inequality (5 choices) (1996)	47.8% [15/18 countries]
% of those who think that the government is responsible for reducing income inequality (5 choices) (1993)	55.6% [12/16 countries]
% of those who think that the government is responsible for reducing income inequality (4 choices) (2016)	65.3% [20/25 countries]
% of those who think that the government is responsible for reducing income inequality (4 choices) (2006)	66.0% [19/23 countries]
% of those who think that the government is responsible for reducing income inequality (4 choices) (1998)	68.4% [19/24 countries]
% of those who think that the government is responsible for reducing income inequality (4 choices) (1996)	64.5% [14/18 countries]
% of those who think that the government is tne most responsible for reducing income inequality (2019)	62.0% [8/19 countries]
% of those who think that private companies are tne most responsible for reducing income inequality (2019)	17.8% [9/19 countries]
% of those who think that trade unions are tne most responsible for reducing income inequality (2019)	3.8% [17/19 countries]
% of those who think that high income people are tne most responsible for reducing income inequality (2019)	3.0% [8/19 countries]
% of those who think that low income people are tne most responsible for reducing income inequality (2019)	6.9% [2/19 countries]
% of those who think that income differences do not need to be reduced (2019)	6.5% [7/19 countries]
% of those who think that politicians do not care about reducing the differences in income (2019)	75.6% [6/20 countries]
% of those who think that the government is successful in reducing the differences in income (2019)	3.4% [17/20 countries]
% of those who think that they should take care of themselves and their family first, before helping other people (2017)	67.3% [15/21 countries]
% of those who think that they should take care of themselves and their family first, before helping other people (2017)	19.9% [21/21 countries]
% of those who think that they should take care of themselves and their family first, before helping other people (2001)	69.3% [13/22 countries]
% of those who think that people with money should be left to enjoy it (2000)	27.9% [11/11 countries]

	Japan
% of those who think that their country is a society with a small elite at the top, very few people in the middle and the great mass of people at the bottom (2019)	9.9% [13/20 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society with a small elite at the top, very few people in the middle and the great mass of people at the bottom (2009)	11.1% [21/30 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society with a small elite at the top, very few people in the middle and the great mass of people at the bottom (1999)	6.6% [19/20 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society like a pyramid with a small elite at the top, more people in the middle, and most at the bottom (2019)	35.3% [8/20 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society like a pyramid with a small elite at the top, more people in the middle, and most at the bottom (2009)	38.5% [10/30 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society like a pyramid with a small elite at the top, more people in the middle, and most at the bottom (1999)	32.3% [11/20 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society like a pyramid except that just a few people are at the bottom (2019)	28.9% [9/20 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society like a pyramid except that just a few people are at the bottom (2009)	26.4% [5/30 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society like a pyramid except that just a few people are at the bottom (1999)	22.1% [10/20 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society with most people in the middle (2019)	22.8% [11/20 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society with most people in the middle (2009)	20.0% [13/30 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society with most people in the middle (1999)	35.2% [3/20 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society with many people near the top, and only a few near the bottom (2019)	3.0% [7/20 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society with many people near the top, and only a few near the bottom (2009)	4.0% [5/30 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society with many people near the top, and only a few near the bottom (1999)	3.8% [5/20 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society with a small elite at the top, very few people in the middle and the great mass of people at the bottom (2019)	0.6% [12/20 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society with a small elite at the top, very few people in the middle and the great mass of people at the bottom (2009)	0.8% [18/29 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society with a small elite at the top, very few people in the middle and the great mass of people at the bottom (1999)	1.0% [13/20 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society like a pyramid with a small elite at the top, more people in the middle, and most at the bottom (2019)	9.1% [4/20 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society like a pyramid with a small elite at the top, more people in the middle, and most at the bottom (2009)	9.2% [4/30 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society like a pyramid with a small elite at the top, more people in the middle, and most at the bottom (1999)	14.1% [1/20 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society like a pyramid except that just a few people are at the bottom (2019)	18.1% [4/20 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society like a pyramid except that just a few people are at the bottom (2009)	17.5% [9/30 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society like a pyramid except that just a few people are at the bottom (1999)	16.9% [5/20 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society with most people in the middle (2019)	51.2% [14/20 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society with most people in the middle (2009)	55.5% [15/30 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society with most people in the middle (1999)	52.2% [8/20 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society with many people near the top, and only a few near the bottom (2019)	20.9% [16/20 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society with many people near the top, and only a few near the bottom (2009)	16.9% [25/30 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society with many people near the top, and only a few near the bottom (1999)	15.8% [20/20 countries]

	Japan
% of those who think that they belong to the upper class (10 choices) (2019)	2.3% [20/20 countries]
% of those who think that they belong to the upper class (10 choices) (2009)	2.7% [25/30 countries]
% of those who think that they belong to the upper class (10 choices) (1999)	3.3% [16/21 countries]
% of those who think that they belong to the middle class (10 choices) (2019)	69.6% [19/20 countries]
% of those who think that they belong to the middle class (10 choices) (2009)	73.7% [19/30 countries]
% of those who think that they belong to the middle class (10 choices) (1999)	69.6% [14/21 countries]
% of those who think that they belong to the "Middle class" (6 choices) (2019)	32.7% [17/19 countries]
% of those who think that they belong to the "Middle class" (6 choices) (2009)	34.7% [24/28 countries]
% of those who think that they belong to the "Lower middle class" (6 choices) (2019)	31.8% [1/19 countries]
% of those who think that they belong to the "Lower middle class" (6 choices) (2009)	31.0% [1/27 countries]
% of those who think that they belong to the lower class (10 choices) (2019)	28.2% [1/20 countries]
% of those who think that they belong to the lower class (10 choices) (2009)	23.5% [9/30 countries]
% of those who think that they belong to the lower class (10 choices) (1999)	27.2% [8/21 countries]
% of those who think that they grew up in the upper class (10 choices) (2019)	5.2% [18/20 countries]
% of those who think that they grew up in the upper class (10 choices) (2009)	4.8% [27/30 countries]
% of those who think that they grew up in the middle class (10 choices) (2019)	70.3% [11/20 countries]
% of those who think that they grew up in the middle class (10 choices) (2009)	70.6% [12/30 countries]
% of those who think that they grew up in the lower class (10 choices) (2019)	24.5% [4/20 countries]
% of those who think that they grew up in the lower class (10 choices) (2009)	24.6% [10/30 countries]
% of those who think that they will be in the upper class ahead 10 years (10 choices) (2019)	5.3% [20/20 countries]
% of those who think that they will be in the middle class ahead 10 years (10 choices) (2019)	66.2% [12/20 countries]
% of those who think that they will be in the lower class ahead 10 years (10 choices) (2019)	28.5% [1/20 countries]
% of those who think that the social status of their job is higher than their fathers' job (2009)	22.2% [30/30 countries]
% of those who think that the social status of their job is higher than their fathers' job (1999)	20.2% [21/21 countries]
% of those who think that the social status of their job is lower than their fathers' job (2009)	53.0% [1/30 countries]
% of those who think that the social status of their job is lower than their fathers' job (1999)	54.4% [1/21 countries]
% of those who think that there is strong conflicts between people at the top of society and people at the bottom (2009)	45.6% [22/30 countries]
% of those who think that there is strong conflicts between people at the top of society and people at the bottom (1999)	48.5% [16/21 countries]
% of those who think that coming from a wealthy family is very important for getting ahead in life (2019)	16.3% [11/20 countries]
% of those who think that coming from a wealthy family is very important for getting ahead in life (2009)	12.4% [24/30 countries]
% of those who think that coming from a wealthy family is very important for getting ahead in life (1999)	12.2% [19/21 countries]
% of those who think that having well-educated parents is very important for getting ahead in life (2019)	20.1% [16/20 countries]
% of those who think that having well-educated parents is very important for getting ahead in life (2009)	17.0% [28/30 countries]
% of those who think that having a good education is very important for getting ahead in life (2019)	38.4% [19/20 countries]
% of those who think that having a good education is very important for getting ahead in life (2009)	36.7% [30/30 countries]
% of those who think that having ambition is very important for getting ahead in life (2009)	41.8% [30/30 countries]
% of those who think that hard work is very important for getting ahead in life (2019)	57.9% [17/20 countries]
% of those who think that hard work is very important for getting ahead in life (2009)	65.0% [24/30 countries]
% of those who think that knowing the right people is very important for getting ahead in life (2019)	13.3% [20/20 countries]
% of those who think that knowing the right people is very important for getting ahead in life (2009)	14.6% [30/30 countries]
% of those who think that knowing the right people is very important for getting ahead in life (1999)	19.7% [21/21 countries]
% of those who think that having political connections is very important for getting ahead in life (2019)	11.8% [10/20 countries]
% of those who think that having political connections is very important for getting ahead in life (2009)	10.0% [23/30 countries]
% of those who think that giving bribes is very important for getting ahead in life (2019)	2.2% [11/20 countries]
% of those who think that giving bribes is very important for getting ahead in life (2009)	2.7% [21/30 countries]
% of those who think that race is very important for getting ahead in life (2019)	4.8% [19/20 countries]
% of those who think that race is very important for getting ahead in life (2009)	4.8% [29/30 countries]
% of those who think that religion is very important for getting ahead in life (2019)	2.3% [19/20 countries]
% of those who think that religion is very important for getting ahead in life (2009)	3.8% [27/30 countries]
% of those who think that man or woman is very important for getting ahead in life (2019)	4.9% [19/20 countries]
% of those who think that man or woman is very important for getting ahead in life (2009)	5.6% [27/30 countries]

	Japan
Manufacturing, value added (% of GDP)	19.7% (2020) [6/38 countries]
% of employment of small and medium sized companies (1-249 employees) in manufacturing	62.6% (2020) [10/34 countries]
% of employment of large companies (250 and more employees) in manufacturing	37.4% (2020) [25/34 countries]

	Japan
Tourism, % of GDP	2.0% (2018) [13/13 countries]
Tourism, employment, % of total employment	9.6% (2019) [5/31 countries]
% of employment of small and medium sized companies (1-249 employees) in Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	53.8% (2016) [30/32 countries]
% of employment of large companies (250 and more employees) in Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	46.2% (2016) [3/32 countries]

	Japan
% of those who turn to family members or close friends first to help them if they needed to borrow a large sum of money (2017)	67.3% [1/21 countries]
% of those who turn to private companies first to help them if they needed to borrow a large sum of money (2017)	8.3% [19/21 countries]
% of those who turn to public services first to help them if they needed to borrow a large sum of money (2017)	18.4% [3/21 countries]

	Japan
Extent to which people trust major private companies (2017)	5.29 [5/21 countries]
% of those who have confidence in business and industry (2018)	61.9% [18/24 countries]
% of those who have confidence in business and industry (2008)	55.7% [22/30 countries]
% of those who have confidence in business and industry (1998)	43.6% [23/26 countries]
% of those who think that private enterprise is the best way to solve their country's economic problems (2010)	5.9% [29/29 countries]
% of those who think that private enterprise is the best way to solve their country's economic problems (2000)	9.8% [20/20 countries]
% of those who think that private enterprise is the best way to solve their country's economic problems (1993)	11.9% [16/16 countries]
% of those who think that major private companies comply with laws and regulations (2016)	59.8% [6/25 countries]
% of those who think that major private companies try to avoid paying their taxes (2016)	39.5% [24/25 countries]
% of those who agree that large international companies are doing more and more damage to local businesses in the country (2013)	42.9% [20/26 countries]
% of those who agree that large international companies are doing more and more damage to local businesses in the country (2003)	47.3% [23/27 countries]
% of those who have joined in boycotts (2014)	18.8% [20/26 countries]
% of those who have joined in boycotts (2004)	19.9% [20/29 countries]

	Japan
New business density (new registrations per 1,000 people ages 15-64) (2020)	0.45 [31/31 countries]
Cost of business start-up procedures (% of GNI per capita) (2019)	7.5% [7/38 countries]

	Japan
% of those who think that business, banks and industry have the most influence on the actions of the government (2016)	27.0% [14/25 countries]
% of those who are in favour of less government regulation of business (2016)	41.3% [19/25 countries]
% of those who are in favour of less government regulation of business (2006)	39.6% [19/23 countries]
% of those who are in favour of less government regulation of business (1996)	51.2% [10/18 countries]
% of those who are in favour of government support for industry to develop new products and technology (2016)	84.8% [10/25 countries]
% of those who are in favour of government support for industry to develop new products and technology (2006)	80.6% [17/23 countries]
% of those who are in favour of government support for industry to develop new products and technology (1996)	83.5% [12/18 countries]
% of those who are in favour of government support for declining industries to protect jobs (2016)	56.7% [16/25 countries]
% of those who are in favour of government support for declining industries to protect jobs (2006)	57.0% [13/23 countries]

	Japan
Labor participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) (2021)	86.6% [4/38 countries]
Labor participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) (2021)	73.3% [16/38 countries]
Labor participation rate, male (% of male population ages 35-44) (2021)	96.0% [2/38 countries]
Labor participation rate, female (% of female population ages 35-44) (2021)	78.9% [28/38 countries]
Employment rate, 60-64 years old (% of population ages 60-64), men (2021)	87.0% [1/38 countries]
Employment rate, 60-64 years old (% of population ages 60-64), women (2021)	66.9% [12/38 countries]
% of those who think that the employment of elderly people is good for the country's economy (2015)	79.2% [2/14 countries]
% of those who think that the employment of elderly people takes jobs away from younger people (2015)	19.5% [10/14 countries]
Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (2019)	3.4% [21/38 countries]
Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (2019)	3.4% [21/38 countries]
Employment in industry (% of total employment) (2019)	24.2% [15/38 countries]
Employment in services (% of total employment) (2019)	72.4% [20/38 countries]
% of employees whose job tenure is 10 years and more: male and female	47.8% (2017) [5/34 countries]
% of employees whose job tenure is 10 years and more: male	54.8% (2017) [2/34 countries]
% of employees whose job tenure is 10 years and more: female	38.8% (2017) [13/34 countries]
% of men who prefer a full time job (2015)	73.6% [12/27 countries]
% of men who prefer a full time job (2005)	75.0% [8/24 countries]
% of men who prefer a full time job (1997)	78.6% [7/20 countries]
% of women who prefer a full time job (2015)	41.0% [19/27 countries]
% of women who prefer a full time job (2005)	38.5% [16/24 countries]
% of women who prefer a full time job (1997)	42.6% [11/20 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing a job for everyone who wants one (2016)	45.0% [20/25 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing a job for everyone who wants one (2006)	51.8% [20/23 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing a job for everyone who wants one (1998)	75.5% [16/24 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing a job for everyone who wants one (1996)	62.9% [15/18 countries]
% of those who are in favour of government financing of projects to create new jobs (2016)	67.3% [25/25 countries]
% of those who are in favour of government financing of projects to create new jobs (2006)	61.0% [23/23 countries]
% of those who are in favour of government financing of projects to create new jobs (1996)	71.4% [15/18 countries]

	Japan
Gender wage gap (comparison of median)	22.5% (2020) [2/27 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for promoting equality between men and women (2016)	69.7% [23/25 countries]
Maternal employment rate - child under 15	70.6% (2018) [21/34 countries]
Share of female managers	13.2% (2021) [34/34 countries]
Female share of the directors of the largest publicly listed companies (2021)	12.6% [33/37 countries]
% of those who think that a husband's job is to earn money; a wife's job is to look after the home and family (2018)	22.0% [7/24 countries]
% of those who think that a husband's job is to earn money; a wife's job is to look after the home and family (2012)	24.4% [11/24 countries]
% of those who think that a husband's job is to earn money; a wife's job is to look after the home and family (2008)	31.8% [10/30 countries]
% of those who think that a husband's job is to earn money; a wife's job is to look after the home and family (2002)	30.9% [8/27 countries]
% of those who think that a husband's job is to earn money; a wife's job is to look after the home and family (1998)	35.9% [10/26 countries]
% of those who think that a husband's job is to earn money; a wife's job is to look after the home and family (1994)	39.8% [6/19 countries]
% of those who do not think that family life suffers when the woman has a full-time job (2012)	44.7% [12/24 countries]
% of those who do not think that family life suffers when the woman has a full-time job (2002)	44.4% [7/27 countries]
% of those who do not think that family life suffers when the woman has a full-time job (1998)	32.6% [18/26 countries]
% of those who do not think that family life suffers when the woman has a full-time job (1994)	40.8% [6/19 countries]
% of those who think that both husband and wife should contribute to household income (5 choices) (2012)	45.6% [24/24 countries]
% of those who think that both husband and wife should contribute to household income (5 choices) (2002)	48.9% [24/27 countries]
% of those who think that both husband and wife should contribute to household income (5 choices) (1994)	54.4% [16/19 countries]
% of those who think that being a housewife is just as fulfilling as working for pay (5 choices) (2012)	69.3% [2/24 countries]
% of those who think that being a housewife is just as fulfilling as working for pay (5 choices) (2002)	69.3% [1/27 countries]
% of those who think that being a housewife is just as fulfilling as working for pay (5 choices) (1994)	69.0% [1/19 countries]
% of those who think that what most women really want is a home and children (2012)	34.9% [12/24 countries]
% of those who think that what most women really want is a home and children (2002)	45.0% [11/27 countries]
% of those who think that what most women really want is a home and children (1994)	51.4% [5/19 countries]
% of those who think that working mothers have no bad influence over children (5 choices) (2012)	71.2% [12/24 countries]
% of those who think that working mothers have no bad influence over children (5 choices) (2002)	75.2% [5/27 countries]
% of those who think that working mothers have no bad influence over children (5 choices) (1994)	69.4% [6/19 countries]
% of those who do not think that a pre-school child is likely to suffer if his or her mother works (2012)	49.2% [10/24 countries]
% of those who do not think that a pre-school child is likely to suffer if his or her mother works (2002)	45.9% [6/27 countries]
% of those who do not think that a pre-school child is likely to suffer if his or her mother works (1994)	40.4% [7/19 countries]
% of those who think that the mother and the father should each take half of paid parental leave (2012)	18.2% [24/31 countries]
% of those who think that the mother should take most of the paid leave period and the father should take some of it. (2012)	61.8% [1/31 countries]
% of those who think that the mother should take the entire paid parental leave (2012)	19.8% [20/31 countries]
% of those who think that no paid parental leave is necessary (2012)	11.8% [12/31 countries]
% of those who think that women should work outside the home full-time when there is a child under school age (2012)	6.1% [27/31 countries]
% of those who think that women should work outside the home full-time when there is a child under school age (2002)	15.1% [8/25 countries]
% of those who think that women should work outside the home full-time when there is a child under school age (1994)	11.1% [6/19 countries]
% of those who think that both mother and father should work full-time when they have a child under school age (2012)	4.0% [27/31 countries]
% of those who think that both mother and father should work part-time when they have a child under school age (2012)	1.1% [30/31 countries]
% of those who think that women should stay at home when there is a child under school age (2012)	68.7% [1/31 countries]
% of those who think that women should stay at home when there is a child under school age (2002)	53.1% [6/25 countries]
% of those who think that women should stay at home when there is a child under school age (1994)	63.3% [5/19 countries]
% of those who think that mother should stay at home and father should work full-time when they have a child under school age (2012)	57.8% [5/31 countries]
% of those who think that mother should work part-time and father should work full-time when they have a child under school age (2012)	37.2% [21/31 countries]
% of those who think it is least desirable that both mother and father work full-time when they have a child under school age (2012)	47.0% [13/31 countries]
% of those who think it is least desirable that father stay at home and mother work full-time when they have a child under school age (2012)	27.2% [17/30 countries]
% of those who think it is least desirable that mother stay at home and father work full-time when they have a child under school age (2012)	5.1% [23/31 countries]
% of those who think that women should work outside the home full-time after the youngest child starts school (2012)	17.1% [29/31 countries]
% of those who think that women should work outside the home full-time after the youngest child starts school (2002)	21.7% [18/25 countries]
% of those who think that women should work outside the home full-time after the youngest child starts school (1994)	17.1% [14/19 countries]
% of those who think that women should stay at home after the youngest child starts school (2012)	17.8% [3/31 countries]
% of those who think that women should stay at home after the youngest child starts school (2002)	19.2% [5/25 countries]
% of those who think that women should stay at home after the youngest child starts school (1994)	26.4% [3/19 countries]
% of women who say that they care for sick family members (2012)	75.4% [1/31 countries]
% of women who say that they care for sick family members (2002)	74.7% [1/27 countries]
% of women who say that they care for sick family members (1994)	84.4% [1/19 countries]
% of those who say that both partners care for sick family members (2012)	20.4% [31/31 countries]
% of those who say that both partners care for sick family members (2002)	22.7% [27/27 countries]
% of those who say that both partners care for sick family members (1994)	19.0% [19/19 countries]

	Japan
Share of self-employed who are own-account workers, men, % of total employed	5.2% (2021) [27/31 countries]
Share of self-employed who are own-account workers, women, % of total employed	2.9% (2021) [30/31 countries]
% of those who think that employees have more job security than the self-employed (2005)	64.1% [5/24 countries]
% of those who think that being an employee interferes more with family life than self-employment (2005)	32.7% [8/24 countries]
% of those who prefer being an employee to being self-employed (2005)	65.3% [8/24 countries]
% of those who prefer being an employee to being self-employed (1997)	59.1% [8/20 countries]

	Japan
Part-time employment - male	15.0% (2021) [3/37 countries]
Part-time employment - female	39.0% (2021) [3/37 countries]
Temporary employment - male as % of dependent employment	10.5% (2021) [18/36 countries]
Temporary employment - female as % of dependent employment	20.5% (2021) [6/36 countries]
Temporary employment - 15-24 years as % of dependent employment	15.6% (2021) [28/36 countries]
% of those willing to accept temporary employment to avoid unemployment (2015)	20.5% [27/27 countries]
% of those willing to accept temporary employment to avoid unemployment (2005)	34.0% [23/24 countries]

	Japan
% of those who do any work for additional income in addition to their main job (2015)	10.9% [25/27 countries]
% of those who do any work for additional income in addition to their main job (2005)	5.8% [24/24 countries]