Global Japanese Data Rankings

Education in general> [31]

	Japan
General government expenditures for Education, as % of GDP (2020)	3.6% [8/8 countries]
General government expenditures for Education, as % of GDP (2020)	3.6% [8/8 countries]
% of general government expenditure on tertiary education (2018)	32.1% [9/10 countries]
% of household expenditure on tertiary education (2018)	52.7% [1/9 countries]
% of those who think that education is the most important issue for their country (2010)	11.9% [7/8 countries]
% of those who would like to see more government spending in education (2016)	58.3% [6/8 countries]
% of those who would like to see more government spending in education (2006)	52.8% [7/7 countries]
% of those who would like to see more government spending in education (1996)	50.7% [7/7 countries]
% of those who think that the government should primarily provide school education for children (2016)	89.9% [6/8 countries]
% of those who think that private companies should primarily provide school education for children (2016)	1.6% [5/8 countries]
% of those who think it is right that the rich can buy better education for their children (2019)	33.4% [2/8 countries]
% of those who think it is right that the rich can buy better education for their children (2009)	36.2% [2/9 countries]
% of those who think it is right that the rich can buy better education for their children (1999)	17.9% [5/8 countries]
% of those who think it is fair that the rich can afford better education for their children (2011)	15.0% [5/9 countries]
% of those who think it is wrong that the rich can buy better education for their children (2019)	35.3% [8/8 countries]
% of those who think it is wrong that the rich can buy better education for their children (2009)	41.1% [8/9 countries]
% of those who think it is wrong that the rich can buy better education for their children (1999)	60.0% [4/8 countries]
% of those who think it is unfair that the rich can afford better education for their children (2011)	49.2% [5/9 countries]
% of those who have confidence in the educational system (5 choices) (2018)	68.2% [8/8 countries]
% of those who have confidence in the educational system (5 choices) (2011)	60.9% [9/9 countries]
% of those who have confidence in the educational system (5 choices) (2008)	63.4% [9/9 countries]
% of those who speak only one language well enough to hold a conversation in (2017)	87.4% [1/7 countries]
Literacy proficiency among 16-65 years-olds: Average score (0-500) (2011-2017)	296 [1/10 countries]
Numeracy proficiency among 16-65 years-olds: Average score (0-500) (2011-2017)	296 [1/10 countries]
Proficiency of problem solving in technology-rich environments proficiency among 16-65 years-olds: Average score (0-500) (2011-2017)	294 [1/8 countries]
% of those who like learning new things (2011-2017)	42.5% [8/9 countries]
% of those who try to relate new ideas to real life (2011-2017)	29.9% [7/9 countries]
% of those who try to relate new things to existing knowledge (2011-2017)	30.2% [9/9 countries]
% of those who like to solve difficult problems (2011-2017)	17.3% [9/9 countries]
% of those who like to fit different ideas together (2011-2017)	17.0% [9/9 countries]
% of those who look for additional information to understand things (2011-2017)	48.8% [8/9 countries]

Pre-primary education> [2]

	Japan
Pre-school enrolment rates, children aged 0 to 2 year old	29.6% (2017) [8/9 countries]
Pre-school enrolment rates, children aged 3 to 5 year old	91.4% (2017) [7/9 countries]

Pre-primary education at home> [18]

	Japan
% of the parents who often read books to their child before they began primary school (2019)	41.2% [7/7 countries]
% of the parents who often told stories to their child before they began primary school (2019)	19.7% [7/7 countries]
% of the parents who often sang songs to their child before they began primary school (2019)	55.4% [4/7 countries]
% of the parents who often played with alphabet toys with their child before they began primary school (2019)	28.8% [6/7 countries]
% of the parents who often talked about things to their child before they began primary school (2019)	29.6% [7/7 countries]
% of the parents who often talked about what they had read to their child before they began primary school (2019)	12.4% [7/7 countries]
% of the parents who often played word games with their child before they began primary school (2019)	42.3% [2/7 countries]
% of the parents who often wrote letters or words to their child before they began primary school (2019)	34.1% [7/7 countries]
% of the parents who often read aloud signs and labels to their child before they began primary school (2019)	38.3% [7/7 countries]
% of the parents who often sang counting songs to their child before they began primary school (2019)	25.8% [6/7 countries]
% of the parents who often played with number toys with their child before they began primary school (2019)	23.2% [6/7 countries]
% of the parents who often counted different things to their child before they began primary school (2019)	46.4% [7/7 countries]
% of the parents who often played games involving shapes with their child before they began primary school (2019)	51.4% [6/7 countries]
% of the parents who often played with building blocks or construction toys with their child before they began primary school (2019)	60.9% [6/7 countries]
% of the parents who often played board or card games with their child before they began primary school (2019)	26.5% [7/7 countries]
% of the parents who often wrote numbers to their child before they began primary school (2019)	30.7% [7/7 countries]
% of the parents who often drew shapes to their child before they began primary school (2019)	38.0% [5/7 countries]
% of the parents who often measured or weighed things with their child before they began primary school (2019)	4.8% [7/7 countries]

Pre-primary education on letters> [7]

	Japan
% of the children who could recognize most of the letters of the alphabet very well when they began primary school (2019)	56.9% [4/7 countries]
% of the children who could read some words very well when they began primary school (2019)	52.6% [2/7 countries]
% of the children who could read sentences very well when they began primary school (2019)	39.7% [2/7 countries]
% of the children who could read a story very well when they began primary school (2019)	31.5% [2/7 countries]
% of the children who could write letters of the alphabet very well when they began primary school (2019)	40.3% [4/7 countries]
% of the children who could write his/her name very well when they began primary school (2019)	65.3% [5/7 countries]
% of the children who could write words other than his/her name very well when they began primary school (2019)	40.9% [2/7 countries]

Pre-primary education on numbers> [5]

	Japan
% of the children who could count by himself/ herself up to 100 or higher when they began primary school (2019)	50.4% [2/7 countries]
% of the children who could recognize written numbers up to 100 or higher when they began primary school (2019)	42.4% [2/7 countries]
% of the children who could write numbers up to 100 or higher when they began primary school (2019)	36.9% [2/7 countries]
% of the children who could do simple addition up to 100 or higher when they began primary school (2019)	79.4% [3/7 countries]
% of the children who could do simple subtraction up to 100 or higher when they began primary school (2019)	62.0% [3/7 countries]

Primary school> [7]

	Japan
Average class size in primary education (public and private)	27.2 (2018) [1/9 countries]
Average class size in primary education (public) (2018)	27.2 [1/9 countries]
Average class size in primary education (private)	27.8 (2018) [1/9 countries]
Ratio of students to teaching staff in primary schools (public and private) (2018)	16.2 [5/10 countries]
Ratio of students to teaching staff in primary schools (public) (2018)	16.2 [5/10 countries]
Ratio of students to teaching staff in primary schools (private) (2018)	14.9 [6/10 countries]
Annual number of hours of compulsory instruction in primary education (2019)	770 [5/8 countries]

Primary school students - home> [4]

	Japan
% of Grade 4 students who have their own room (2019)	67.0% [8/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who have internet connection at home (2019)	82.6% [10/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who have internet connection at home (2007)	60.5% [7/7 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who have their own mobile phone (2019)	46.5% [7/10 countries]

Primary school students - school life> [29]

	Japan
% of Grade 4 students who are absent from school once a week (2019)	2.8% [9/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who feel tired when they arrive at school everyday/ almost everyday (2019)	23.5% [10/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who feel hungry when they arrive at school everyday/ almost everyday (2019)	19.0% [10/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that they like being in school (2019)	35.5% [6/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that they like being in school (2011)	40.5% [3/8 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that they like being in school (2007)	40.8% [6/7 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that they feel safe at school (2019)	45.5% [9/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that they feel safe at school (2011)	39.8% [7/8 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that they feel like they belong at the school (2019)	36.5% [10/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that they feel like they belong at the school (2011)	36.7% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that teachers at their school are fair to them (2019)	41.2% [10/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that they are proud to go to their school (2019)	33.3% [10/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who say that other students made fun of them or called them names (2019)	44.3% [9/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who say that other students made fun of them or called them names (2011)	70.2% [1/8 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who say that other students left them out of games or activities (2019)	23.4% [10/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who say that other students left them out of games or activities (2011)	42.9% [5/8 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who say that other students spread lies about them (2019)	19.1% [10/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who say that other students spread lies about them (2011)	42.0% [7/8 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who say that other students stole something from them (2019)	14.7% [9/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who say that other students stole something from them (2011)	29.2% [6/8 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who say that other students damaged something of theirs on purpose (2019)	8.9% [10/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who say that other students hit or hurt them (2019)	30.4% [10/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who say that other students hit or hurt them (2011)	46.6% [4/8 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who say that other students made them do things they didn't want to do (2019)	22.2% [7/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who say that other students made them do things they didn't want to do (2011)	31.7% [3/8 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who say that other students sent them nasty or hurtful messages online (2019)	1.9% [10/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who say that other students shared nasty or hurtful things about them online (2019)	0.6% [10/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who say that other students shared embarrassing photos of them online (2019)	0.6% [10/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who say that other students threatened them (2019)	10.4% [10/10 countries]

Primary school students - mathematics> [37]

	Japan
Average score of mathematics achievement of 4th grade (2019)	593 [2/10 countries]
Average score of mathematics achievement of 4th grade (2015)	593 [2/8 countries]
Average score of mathematics achievement of 4th grade (2011)	585 [2/8 countries]
Average score of mathematics achievement of 4th grade (2007)	568 [1/7 countries]
Average score of mathematics achievement of 4th grade (2003)	565 [1/5 countries]
Average score of mathematics achievement of 4th grade (1995)	567 [2/5 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who work problems on their own in every or almost every lesson (2019)	66.9% [1/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that they enjoy learning mathematics (2019)	33.6% [9/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that they wish they did not have to study mathematics (2019)	3.4% [10/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that mathematics is boring (2019)	4.0% [10/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that they learn many interesting things in mathematics (2019)	33.8% [9/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that they like mathematics very much (2019)	34.3% [9/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that they like any schoolwork that involves numbers (2019)	23.4% [9/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that they like to solve mathematics problems (2019)	32.5% [7/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that they look forward to mathematics lessons (2019)	21.8% [9/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that mathematics is one of their favorite subjects (2019)	27.4% [9/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that they know what their teacher expects them to do in mathematics lessons (2019)	13.0% [9/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that their teacher is easy to understand in mathematics lessons (2019)	48.5% [7/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that their teacher has clear answers to their questions in mathematics lessons (2019)	43.5% [9/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that their teacher is good at explaining mathematics (2019)	50.2% [10/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that their teacher does a variety of things to help them learn in mathematics lessons (2019)	52.8% [9/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that their teacher explains a topic again when they don't understand in mathematics lessons (2019)	54.1% [10/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who say that students donft listen to what the teacher says in every or almost every mathematics lesson (2019)	12.5% [10/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who say that there is disruptive noise in every or almost every mathematics lesson (2019)	13.9% [10/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who say that it is too disorderly for students to work well in every or almost every mathematics lesson (2019)	5.0% [10/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who say that their teacher has to wait a long time for students to quiet down in every or almost everymathematics lesson (2019)	11.9% [10/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who say that students interrupt the teacher in every or almost every mathematics lesson (2019)	5.9% [10/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who say that their teacher has to keep telling them to follow the classroom rules in every or almost every mathematics lesson (2019)	10.5% [10/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that they usually do well in mathematics (2019)	14.9% [10/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that mathematics is harder for them than for many of their classmates (2019)	10.2% [8/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that they are just not good at mathematics (2019)	15.5% [1/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that they learn things quickly in mathematics (2019)	20.9% [10/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that mathematics makes them nervous (2019)	3.8% [10/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that they are good at working out difficult mathematics problems (2019)	16.8% [9/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that their teacher tells them they are good at mathematics (2019)	9.8% [9/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that mathematics is harder for them than any other subject (2019)	12.6% [7/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that mathematics makes them confused (2019)	5.6% [10/10 countries]

Primary school students - science> [29]

	Japan
Average score of science achievement of 4th grade (2019)	562 [2/10 countries]
Average score of science achievement of 4th grade (2015)	569 [2/8 countries]
Average score of science achievement of 4th grade (2011)	559 [2/8 countries]
Average score of science achievement of 4th grade (2007)	548 [1/7 countries]
Average score of science achievement of 4th grade (2003)	543 [1/5 countries]
Average score of science achievement of 4th grade (1995)	553 [2/5 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who conduct science experiments at least once a week (2019)	64.1% [2/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that they enjoy learning science (2019)	58.7% [1/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that they wish they did not have to study science (2019)	2.6% [10/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that science is boring (2019)	2.4% [10/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that they learn many interesting things in science (2019)	59.2% [7/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that they like science very much (2019)	54.2% [3/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that science teaches them how things in the world work (2019)	36.2% [10/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that they look forward to learning science (2019)	51.5% [3/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that science teaches them how things in the world work (2019)	36.2% [10/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that science is one of their favorite subjects (2019)	47.5% [3/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that they know what their teacher expects them to do in science lessons (2019)	12.4% [9/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that their teacher is easy to understand in science lessons (2019)	51.5% [9/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that their teacher has clear answers to their questions in science lessons (2019)	44.6% [9/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that their teacher is good at explaining science (2019)	53.8% [9/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that their teacher does a variety of things to help them learn in science lessons (2019)	51.7% [9/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that their teacher explains a topic again when they don't understand in science lessons (2019)	50.9% [9/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that they usually do well in science (2019)	18.0% [10/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that science is harder for them than for many of their classmates (2019)	4.4% [9/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that they are just not good at science (2019)	4.4% [10/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that they learn things quickly in science (2019)	30.8% [8/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that their teacher tells them they are good at science (2019)	9.5% [9/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that science is harder for them than any other subject (2019)	4.1% [9/10 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that science makes them confused (2019)	2.3% [10/10 countries]

Primary school students - instruction out of school> [2]

	Japan
% of Grade 4 students who attended extra lessons or tutoring not provided by the school in mathematics during the last 12 months (2019)	35.0% [2/7 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who attended extra lessons or tutoring not provided by the school in science during the last 12 months (2019)	13.5% [2/7 countries]

Primary school - evaluation of parents> [8]

	Japan
% of the parents of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that their childfs school does a good job including them in their childfs education (2019)	9.2% [7/7 countries]
% of the parents of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that their child's school provides a safe environment (2019)	20.2% [7/7 countries]
% of the parents of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that their childfs school cares about their child's progress in school (2019)	19.7% [7/7 countries]
% of the parents of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that their child's school does a good job informing them of his/her progress (2019)	13.1% [7/7 countries]
% of the parents of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that their child's school promotes high academic standards (2019)	9.8% [6/7 countries]
% of the parents of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that their child's school does a good job in helping him/her become better in reading (2019)	7.7% [7/7 countries]
% of the parents of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that their child's school does a good job in helping him/her become better in mathematics (2019)	10.0% [7/7 countries]
% of the parents of Grade 4 students who agree a lot that their child's school does a good job in helping him/her become better in science (2019)	5.9% [7/7 countries]

Primary school - future educational plan> [2]

	Japan
% of the parents of Grade 4 students who expect their child to finish undergraduate or postgraduate degree (2019)	65.1% [4/7 countries]
% of the parents of Grade 4 students who expect their child to finish postgraduate degree (2019)	2.5% [7/7 countries]

Lower secondary school> [6]

	Japan
Average class size in lower secondary education (public and private)	32.1 (2018) [1/9 countries]
Average class size in lower secondary education (public)	32.1 (2018) [1/9 countries]
Average class size in lower secondary education (private)	32.7 (2018) [1/9 countries]
Ratio of students to teaching staff in lower secondary education (public and private) (2018)	13.0 [5/8 countries]
Ratio of students to teaching staff in lower secondary education (public) (2018)	13.2 [5/8 countries]
Ratio of students to teaching staff in lower secondary education (private) (2018)	11.3 [6/8 countries]

Lower secondary school students - home> [5]

	Japan
% of Grade 8 students who have their own room (2019)	83.9% [6/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who have their own room (2011)	83.5% [5/7 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who have internet connection at home (2019)	97.0% [5/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who have internet connection at home (2011)	85.8% [7/7 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who have their own mobile phone (2019)	74.6% [8/8 countries]

Lower secondary school students - Internet use> [6]

	Japan
% of Grade 8 students who use Internet to access the textbook or other course materials (2019)	36.4% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who use Internet to access assignments posted online by their teacher (2019)	20.3% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who use Internet to collaborate with classmates on assignments or projects (2019)	36.5% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who use Internet to communicate with the teacher (2019)	5.9% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who use Internet to find information, articles, or tutorials to aid in understanding mathematics or science (2019)	44.2% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who use Internet to access learning games or activities related to mathematics or science (2019)	27.2% [8/8 countries]

Lower secondary school students - School life> [30]

	Japan
% of Grade 8 students who are absent from school once a week (2019)	1.6% [7/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who feel tired when they arrive at school everyday/ almost everyday (2019)	41.4% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who feel hungry when they arrive at school everyday/ almost everyday (2019)	23.5% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they like being in school (2019)	27.4% [1/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they like being in school (2011)	81.7% [1/7 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they like being in school (2007)	27.3% [1/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they feel safe at school (2019)	28.4% [6/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they feel safe at school (2011)	72.6% [6/7 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they feel like they belong at the school (2019)	30.3% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they feel like they belong at the school (2011)	84.2% [2/7 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that teachers at their school are fair to them (2019)	24.1% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they are proud to go to their school (2019)	19.0% [7/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who say that other students said mean things about their physical appearance (2019)	29.4% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who say that other students spread lies about them (2019)	29.5% [7/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who say that other students spread lies about them (2011)	38.3% [6/7 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who say that other students shared their secrets with others (2019)	26.0% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who say that other students refused to talk to them (2019)	13.2% [7/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who say that other students insulted a member of their family (2019)	5.1% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who say that other students stole something from them (2019)	8.8% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who say that other students stole something from them (2011)	17.3% [7/7 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who say that other students made them do things they didn't want to do (2019)	17.9% [4/7 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who say that other students made them do things they didn't want to do (2011)	24.2% [1/7 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who say that other students sent them nasty or hurtful messages online (2019)	4.9% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who say that other students shared nasty or hurtful things about them online (2019)	2.1% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who say that other students shared embarrassing photos of them online (2019)	2.4% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who say that other students threatened them (2019)	4.2% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who say that other students physically hurt them (2019)	6.1% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who say that other students physically hurt them (2011)	33.5% [2/7 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who say that other students excluded them from their group (2019)	5.5% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who say that other students damaged something of theirs on purpose (2019)	3.4% [8/8 countries]

Lower secondary school students - Mathematics> [48]

	Japan
Average score of mathematics achievement of 8th grade (2019)	594 [2/8 countries]
Average score of mathematics achievement of 8th grade (2015)	586 [2/7 countries]
Average score of mathematics achievement of 8th grade (2011)	570 [2/7 countries]
Average score of mathematics achievement of 8th grade (2007)	570 [2/7 countries]
Average score of mathematics achievement of 8th grade (2003)	570 [2/7 countries]
Average score of mathematics achievement of 8th grade (1999)	579 [2/5 countries]
Average score of mathematics achievement of 8th grade (1995)	581 [1/6 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who work problems on their own in every or almost every lesson (2019)	63.4% [2/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they enjoy learning mathematics (2019)	17.5% [7/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they wish they did not have to study mathematics (2019)	11.3% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that mathematics is boring (2019)	8.6% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they learn many interesting things in mathematics (2019)	11.7% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they like mathematics very much (2019)	15.5% [7/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they like any schoolwork that involves numbers (2019)	6.8% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they like to solve mathematics problems (2019)	13.3% [7/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they look forward to mathematics lessons (2019)	7.8% [6/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that mathematics is one of their favorite subjects (2019)	14.1% [7/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they know what their teacher expects them to do in mathematics lessons (2019)	5.9% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that their teacher is easy to understand in mathematics lessons (2019)	23.4% [7/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that their teacher has clear answers to their questions in mathematics lessons (2019)	27.3% [7/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that their teacher is good at explaining mathematics (2019)	27.4% [7/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that their teacher does a variety of things to help them learn in mathematics lessons (2019)	28.2% [7/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that their teacher links new lessons to what they already know in mathematics lessons (2019)	17.2% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that their teacher explains a topic again when they don't understand in mathematics lessons (2019)	33.0% [7/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who say that students donft listen to what the teacher says in every or almost every mathematics lesson (2019)	8.7% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who say that there is disruptive noise in every or almost every mathematics lesson (2019)	9.2% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who say that it is too disorderly for students to work well in every or almost every mathematics lesson (2019)	2.1% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who say that their teacher has to wait a long time for students to quiet down in every or almost every mathematics lesson (2019)	2.9% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who say that students interrupt the teacher in every or almost every mathematics lesson (2019)	2.7% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who say that their teacher has to keep telling them to follow the classroom rules in every or almost every mathematics lesson (2019)	2.8% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they usually do well in mathematics (2019)	6.7% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that mathematics is harder for them than for many of their classmates (2019)	15.9% [2/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that mathematics is not one of their strengths (2019)	31.8% [1/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they learn things quickly in mathematics (2019)	8.4% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that mathematics makes them nervous (2019)	9.6% [7/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they are good at working out difficult mathematics problems (2019)	6.4% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that their teacher tells them they are good at mathematics (2019)	3.8% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that mathematics is harder for them than any other subject (2019)	22.9% [2/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that mathematics makes them confused (2019)	16.3% [7/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that learning mathematics will help them in their daily life (2019)	24.8% [7/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they need mathematics to learn other school subjects (2019)	18.3% [7/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they need to do well in mathematics to get into the university of their choice (2019)	34.0% [7/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they need to do well in mathematics to get the job they want (2019)	28.4% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they would like a job that involves using mathematics (2019)	6.8% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that it is important to learn about mathematics to get ahead in the world (2019)	19.3% [7/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that learning mathematics will give them more job opportunities when they are adults (2019)	24.4% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that their parents think that it is important that they do well in mathematics (2019)	18.9% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that it is important to do well in mathematics (2019)	46.3% [6/8 countries]

Lower secondary school students - Science> [43]

	Japan
Average score of science achievement of 8th grade (2019)	570 [1/8 countries]
Average score of science achievement of 8th grade (2015)	571 [1/7 countries]
Average score of science achievement of 8th grade (2011)	558 [2/7 countries]
Average score of science achievement of 8th grade (2007)	554 [1/7 countries]
Average score of science achievement of 8th grade (2003)	552 [2/7 countries]
Average score of science achievement of 8th grade (1999)	550 [1/5 countries]
Average score of science achievement of 8th grade (1995)	554 [1/6 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who conduct science experiments at least once a week (2019)	34.6% [2/6 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they enjoy learning science (2019)	23.9% [5/6 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they wish they did not have to study science (2019)	9.2% [6/6 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that science is boring (2019)	6.5% [5/6 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they learn many interesting things in science (2019)	21.4% [6/6 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they like science very much (2019)	20.3% [5/6 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they look forward to science lessons (2019)	16.0% [5/6 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that science teaches them how things in the world work (2019)	16.1% [6/6 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they like to conduct science experiments (2019)	35.5% [5/6 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that science is one of their favorite subjects (2019)	18.8% [5/6 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they know what their teacher expects them to do in science lessons (2019)	6.0% [6/6 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that their teacher is easy to understand in science lessons (2019)	22.8% [5/6 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that their teacher has clear answers to their questions in science lessons (2019)	23.5% [5/6 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that their teacher is good at explaining science (2019)	25.6% [5/6 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that their teacher does a variety of things to help them learn in science lessons (2019)	25.8% [5/6 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that their teacher links new lessons to what they already know in science lessons (2019)	18.7% [6/6 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that their teacher explains a topic again when they don't understand in science lessons (2019)	30.2% [5/6 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they usually do well in science (2019)	5.9% [6/6 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that science is harder for them than for many of their classmates (2019)	11.4% [2/6 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that science is not one of their strengths (2019)	18.8% [2/6 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they learn things quickly in science (2019)	7.2% [6/6 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they are good at working out difficult science problems (2019)	5.5% [6/6 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that their teacher tells them they are good at science (2019)	3.5% [6/6 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that science is harder for them than any other subject (2019)	14.3% [2/6 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that science makes them confused (2019)	11.7% [5/6 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that learning science will help them in their daily life (2019)	20.0% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they need science to learn other school subjects (2019)	12.6% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they need to do well in science to get into the university of their choice (2019)	24.8% [7/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they need to do well in science to get the job they want (2019)	22.2% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that they would like a job that involves using science (2019)	10.1% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that it is important to learn about science to get ahead in the world (2019)	15.8% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that learning science will give them more job opportunities when they are adults (2019)	17.8% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that their parents think that it is important that they do well in science (2019)	16.5% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who agree a lot that it is important to do well in science (2019)	40.5% [4/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students whose teacher gives them homework in mathematics every day (2019)	10.2% [5/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students whose teacher gives them homework in science every day (2019)	2.2% [6/6 countries]

Lower secondary school students - instruction out of school> [2]

	Japan
% of Grade 8 students who attended extra lessons or tutoring not provided by the school in mathematics during the last 12 months (2019)	51.0% [2/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who attended extra lessons or tutoring not provided by the school in science during the last 12 months (2019)	34.4% [1/8 countries]

Lower secondary school students - future educational plan> [2]

	Japan
% of Grade 8 students who expect them to finish undergraduate or postgraduate degree (2019)	61.7% [3/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who expect them to finish postgraduate degree (2019)	3.5% [8/8 countries]

Lower secondary education teachers> [44]

	Japan
Lower secondary education teachers: Total working hours (2018)	56.01 [1/9 countries]
Lower secondary education teachers: Total working hours (2013)	53.92 [1/9 countries]
Lower secondary education teachers: Hours spent on teaching (2018)	17.97 [8/9 countries]
Lower secondary education teachers: Hours spent on teaching (2013)	17.71 [7/9 countries]
Lower secondary education teachers: Hours spent on individual planning or preparation of lessons either at school or out of school (2018)	8.54 [1/9 countries]
Lower secondary education teachers: Hours spent on individual planning or preparation of lessons either at school or out of school (2013)	8.68 [1/9 countries]
Lower secondary education teachers: Hours spent on team work and dialogue with colleagues within the school (2018)	3.56 [2/9 countries]
Lower secondary education teachers: Hours spent on team work and dialogue with colleagues within the school (2013)	3.88 [1/9 countries]
Lower secondary education teachers: Hours spent marking/correcting of student work (2018)	4.42 [6/9 countries]
Lower secondary education teachers: Hours spent marking/correcting of student work (2013)	4.56 [7/9 countries]
Lower secondary education teachers: Hours spent on counselling students (2018)	2.32 [5/9 countries]
Lower secondary education teachers: Hours spent on counselling students (2013)	2.75 [2/9 countries]
Lower secondary education teachers: Hours spent in participation in school management (2018)	2.86 [1/9 countries]
Lower secondary education teachers: Hours spent in participation in school management (2013)	3.02 [2/9 countries]
Lower secondary education teachers: Hours spent on general administrative work (including communication, paperwork, and other clerical duties) (2018)	5.58 [1/9 countries]
Lower secondary education teachers: Hours spent on general administrative work (including communication, paperwork, and other clerical duties) (2013)	5.49 [2/9 countries]
Lower secondary education teachers: Hours spent on professional development activities (2018)	0.65 [9/9 countries]
Lower secondary education teachers: Hours spent on communication and co-operation with parents or guardians (2018)	1.21 [8/9 countries]
Lower secondary education teachers: Hours spent on communication and co-operation with parents or guardians (2013)	1.30 [7/9 countries]
Lower secondary education teachers: Hours spent engaging in extracurricular activities (2018)	7.48 [1/9 countries]
Lower secondary education teachers: Hours spent engaging in extracurricular activities (2013)	7.66 [1/9 countries]
Lower secondary education teachers: Hours spent engaging in other work tasks (2018)	2.84 [2/9 countries]
% of lower secondary education teachears who think that the teaching profession is valued in society (2013)	28.13% [5/8 countries]
% of lower secondary education teachers who present a summary of recently learned content (2018)	58.59% [9/9 countries]
% of lower secondary education teachers who set goals at the beginning of instruction (2018)	84.27% [3/9 countries]
% of lower secondary education teachers who explain what they expect students to learn (2018)	84.85% [9/9 countries]
% of lower secondary education teachers who explain how new and old topics are related (2018)	63.12% [9/9 countries]
% of lower secondary education teachers who present tasks for which there is no obvious solution (2018)	16.11% [9/9 countries]
% of lower secondary education teachers who give tasks that require students to think critically (2018)	12.60% [9/9 countries]
% of lower secondary education teachers who have students work in small groups to come up with a joint solution to a problem or task (2018)	44.41% [9/9 countries]
% of lower secondary education teachers who ask students to decide on their own procedures for solving complex tasks (2018)	24.93% [9/9 countries]
% of lower secondary education teachers who tell students to follow classroom rules (2018)	64.16% [5/9 countries]
% of lower secondary education teachers who tell students to listen to what they say (2018)	62.86% [5/9 countries]
% of lower secondary education teachers who calm students who are disruptive (2018)	44.80% [9/9 countries]
% of lower secondary education teachers who tell students to quieten down quickly when the lesson begins (2018)	38.35% [9/9 countries]
% of lower secondary education teachers who refer to a problem from everyday life or work to demonstrate why new knowledge is useful (2018)	53.91% [9/9 countries]
% of lower secondary education teachers who let students practise similar tasks until they know that every student has understood the subject matter (2018)	31.29% [9/9 countries]
% of lower secondary education teachers who give students projects that require at least one week to complete (2018)	11.11% [9/9 countries]
% of lower secondary education teachers who let students use ICT for projects or class work (2018)	17.86% [9/9 countries]
% of lower secondary education teachers who would like to change to another school if possible (2018)	30.98% [2/9 countries]
% of lower secondary education teachers who enjoy working at the present school (2018)	78.42% [8/9 countries]
% of lower secondary education teachers who would recommend the present school as a good place to work (2018)	61.55% [9/9 countries]
% of lower secondary education teachers satisfied with their performance in the present school (2018)	48.96% [9/9 countries]
% of lower secondary education teachers satisfied with the present job all in all (2018)	81.79% [8/9 countries]

High school students - Performance> [10]

	Japan
Performance on the reading (15 years old, average score) (2018)	503.86 [6/10 countries]
Performance on the reading (15 years old, average score) (2015)	516 [3/10 countries]
Performance on the reading (15 years old, average score) (2000)	522 [5/10 countries]
Performance on the mathematics (15 years old, average score) (2018)	526.97 [1/10 countries]
Performance on the mathematics (15 years old, average score) (2015)	532 [1/10 countries]
Performance on the mathematics (15 years old, average score) (2000)	557 [1/10 countries]
Performance on the science (15 years old, average score) (2018)	529.14 [1/10 countries]
Performance on the science (15 years old, average score) (2015)	538 [1/10 countries]
Performance on the science (15 years old, average score) (2000)	550 [2/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who have ever repeated a grade (2009)	0.0% [9/10 countries]

High school students - Things at home> [5]

	Japan
% of 15-year-old students who have a computer they can use for school work in their home (2018)	60.8% [10/10 countries]
% of 15-year-old students who have classic literature in their home (2018)	45.4% [6/10 countries]
% of 15-year-old students who have books of poetry in their home (2018)	18.6% [10/10 countries]
% of 15-year-old students who have works of art (e.g. paintings) in their home (2018)	28.1% [10/10 countries]
% of 15-year-old students who have musical instruments (e.g. guitar, piano) in their home (2018)	31.3% [5/10 countries]

High school students - Atmosphere of language lessons> [53]

	Japan
% of 15 year old students who say that students don't listen to what the teacher says in their language lessons (2018)	8.5% [9/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who say that students don't listen to what the teacher says in their language lessons (2009)	8.4% [10/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who say that there is noise and disorder in their language lessons (2018)	9.6% [9/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who say that there is noise and disorder in their language lessons (2009)	9.7% [10/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who say that the teacher has to wait a long time for the students to quieten down in their language lessons (2018)	8.6% [9/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who say that the teacher has to wait a long time for the students to quieten down in their language lessons (2009)	7.2% [10/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who say that students cannot work well in their language lessons (2018)	13.9% [9/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who say that students cannot work well in their language lessons (2009)	13.0% [8/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who say that students don't start working for a long time after the lesson begins in their language lessons (2018)	8.3% [9/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who say that students don't start working for a long time after the lesson begins in their language lessons (2009)	8.6% [10/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who say that the teacher shows an interest in every student's learning in their language lessons (2018)	74.2% [7/9 countries]
% of 15 year old students who say that the teacher gives extra help when students need it in their language lessons (2018)	80.4% [1/9 countries]
% of 15 year old students who say that the teacher helps students with their learning in their language lessons (2018)	82.9% [4/9 countries]
% of 15 year old students who say that the teacher continues teaching until the students understands in their language lessons (2018)	75.9% [1/9 countries]
% of 15 year old students who say that the teacher sets clear goals for our learning in their language lessons (2018)	74.2% [4/9 countries]
% of 15 year old students who say that the teacher asks questions to check whether they have understood what was taught in their language lessons (2018)	79.0% [2/9 countries]
% of 15 year old students who say that the teacher presents a short summary of the previous lesson in their language lessons (2018)	60.9% [2/9 countries]
% of 15 year old students who say that the teacher tells us what we have to learn in their language lessons (2018)	79.7% [2/9 countries]
% of 15 year old students who agree that their teacher make them feel confident in their ability in their language lessons (2018)	51.0% [9/9 countries]
% of 15 year old students who agree that their teacher listen to their view in their language lessons (2018)	46.6% [9/9 countries]
% of 15 year old students who felt that their teacher understand them in their language lessons (2018)	52.7% [9/9 countries]
% of 15 year old students who say that their teacher adapts the lesson to their class's needs and knowledge in their language lessons (2018)	69.4% [2/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who say that their teacher provides individual help when a student has difficulties understanding a topic or task in their language lessons (2018)	34.3% [10/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who say that their teacher changes the structure of the lesson on a topic that most students find difficult to understand in their language lessons (2018)	46.5% [5/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who say that their teacher gives them feedback on their strengths in their language lessons (2018)	18.7% [9/9 countries]
% of 15 year old students who say that their teacher tells them in which areas they can still improve in their language lessons (2018)	29.1% [9/9 countries]
% of 15 year old students who say that their teacher tells them how they can improve their performance in their language lessons (2018)	45.0% [5/9 countries]
% of 15 year old students who agree that it was clear to them that their teacher liked teaching them in their language lessons (2018)	62.2% [9/9 countries]
% of 15 year old students who agree that the enthusiasm of the teacher inspired them in their language lessons (2018)	51.6% [5/9 countries]
% of 15 year old students who agree that it was clear that the teacher likes to deal with the topic of the lesson in their language lessons (2018)	55.6% [9/9 countries]
% of 15 year old students who agree that the teacher showed enjoyment in teaching in their language lessons (2018)	69.1% [8/9 countries]
% of 15 year old students who read texts that include diagrams or maps for school (2018)	25.0% [8/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who read fiction (e.g., novels, short stories) for school (2018)	27.6% [7/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who read texts that include tables or graphs for school (2018)	25.4% [7/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who read digital texts including links for school (2018)	9.9% [9/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who say that the teacher encourages students to express their opinion about a text in their language lessons (2018)	54.7% [7/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who say that the teacher encourages students to express their opinion about a text in their language lessons (2009)	41.6% [9/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who say that the teacher helps students relate the stories they read to their lives in their language lessons (2018)	49.3% [2/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who say that the teacher helps students relate the stories they read to their lives in their language lessons (2009)	29.8% [8/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who say that the teacher shows students how the information in texts builds on what they already know in their language lessons (2018)	52.1% [7/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who say that the teacher shows students how the information in texts builds on what they already know in their language lessons (2009)	29.4% [10/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who say that the teacher poses questions that motivate students to participate actively in their language lessons (2018)	65.5% [2/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who say that the teacher poses questions that motivate students to participate actively in their language lessons (2009)	40.3% [9/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who have read a text of more than 100 pages in their language lessons (2018)	4.1% [10/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who are told to write a summary of the book or the chapter in their language lessons (2018)	58.0% [8/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who are told to list and write a short description of the main characters in their language lessons (2018)	65.1% [5/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who are told to discuss in small groups with other students who read the same book or chapter in their language lessons (2018)	47.4% [8/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who are told to give their personal thoughts about the book or the chapter in their language lessons (2018)	48.3% [10/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who are told to answer questions about the book or the chapter in their language lessons (2018)	68.2% [10/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who are told to compare the content of the book or the chapter with their own experience in their language lessons (2018)	31.7% [8/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who are told to compare the book with other books or texts on a similar topic in their language lessons (2018)	26.7% [10/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who are told to select a passage they liked or disliked and explain why in their language lessons (2018)	27.6% [10/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who are told to write a text related to what they have read in their language lessons (2018)	58.6% [7/10 countries]

High school students - Internet education> [7]

	Japan
% of 15 year old students who have learned at school how to use keywords when using a search engine (2018)	73.4% [2/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who have learned at school how to decide whether to trust information from the Internet (2018)	88.1% [2/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who have learned at school how to compare different web pages and decide what information is more relevant (2018)	63.3% [6/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who have learned at school to understand the consequences of making information publicly available online (2018)	86.0% [2/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who have learned at school how to use the short description below the links in the list of results of a search (2018)	42.3% [7/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who have learned at school how to detect whether the information is subjective or biased (2018)	65.5% [4/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who have learned at school how to detect phishing or spam emails (2018)	56.9% [1/10 countries]

High school students - Reading> [23]

	Japan
% of 15 year old students who read only if they have to (2018)	39.0% [9/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who agree that reading is one of their favourite hobbies (2018)	44.7% [1/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who like talking about books with other people (2018)	42.5% [2/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who agree that reading is a waste of time (2018)	15.4% [10/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who I read only to get information that they need (2018)	27.7% [10/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who spontaneously read magazines several times a week (2018)	10.9% [1/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who spontaneously read comic books several times a week (2018)	31.7% [1/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who spontaneously read comic books several times a week (2009)	49.0% [1/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who spontaneously read fiction (novels, narratives, stories) several times a week (2018)	22.4% [1/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who spontaneously read fiction (novels, narratives, stories) several times a week (2009)	20.5% [1/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who spontaneously read non-fiction books (informational, documentary) several times a week (2018)	4.6% [10/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who spontaneously read newspapers several times a week (2018)	10.4% [2/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who spontaneously read newspapers several times a week (2009)	37.8% [2/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who read books more often in paper format (2018)	44.9% [2/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who read books more often on digital devices (2018)	13.0% [9/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who read books equally often in paper format and on digital devices (2018)	15.4% [4/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who spend more than 1 hour a day reading for enjoyment (2018)	17.0% [3/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who agree that they are good readers (2018)	50.0% [10/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who agree that they are able to understand difficult texts (2018)	27.8% [10/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who agree that they read fluently (2018)	47.3% [10/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who agree that they have always had difficulty with reading (2018)	22.9% [2/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who agree that they have to read a text several times before completely understanding it (2018)	66.1% [1/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who agree that I find it difficult to answer questions about a text (2018)	56.9% [1/10 countries]

High school students - Internet use> [6]

	Japan
% of 15-year olds who read emails several times a day (2018)	10.0% [5/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who chat on line several times a day (2018)	84.6% [3/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who read online news several times a day (2018)	43.4% [1/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who search information online to learn about a particular topic several times a day (2018)	49.4% [1/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who take part in online group discussions or forums several times a day (2018)	3.5% [10/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who search for practical information online several times a day (2018)	20.9% [5/10 countries]

High school students - Impression of PISA Reading Test> [3]

	Japan
% of those who agree that there were many words they could not understand in the PISA test (2018)	23.7% [2/10 countries]
% of those who agree that many texts were too difficult for them in the PISA test (2018)	29.7% [1/10 countries]
% of those who agree that they were lost when they had to navigate between different pages in the PISA test (2018)	22.0% [2/10 countries]

High school students - learning method> [11]

	Japan
Extent to which 15-year-olds think of concentrating on the parts of the text that are easy to understand as useful for understanding and memorising the text (2018)	3.57 [2/10 countries]
Extent to which 15-year-olds think of quickly reading through the text twice as useful for understanding and memorising the text (2018)	2.54 [8/10 countries]
Extent to which 15-year-olds think of discussing its content with other people after reading the text as useful for understanding and memorising the text (2018)	3.93 [2/10 countries]
Extent to which 15-year-olds think of underlining important parts of the text as useful for understanding and memorising the text (2018)	4.46 [2/10 countries]
Extent to which 15-year-olds think of summarising the text in their own words as useful for understanding and memorising the text (2018)	4.29 [3/10 countries]
Extent to which 15-year-olds think of reading the text aloud to another person as useful for understanding and memorising the text (2018)	3.30 [2/10 countries]
Extent to which 15-year-olds think of checking that each paragraph is covered in the summary as useful for writing a summary of a long and rather difficult two-page text (2018)	3.44 [2/10 countries]
Extent to which 15-year-olds think of I trying to copy out accurately as many sentences as possible as useful for writing a summary of a long and rather difficult two-page text (2018)	2.73 [2/10 countries]
Extent to which 15-year-olds think of reading the text as many times as possible before writing the summary as useful for writing a summary of a long and rather difficult two-page text (2018)	3.80 [2/10 countries]
Extent to which 15-year-olds think of carefully checking whether the most important facts in the text are represented in the summary as useful for writing a summary of a long and rather difficult two-page text (2018)	4.27 [5/10 countries]
Extent to which 15-year-olds think of reading through the text, underlining the most important sentences, and then writing them in their own words as useful for writing a summary of a long and rather difficult two-page text (2018)	4.40 [3/10 countries]

High school students - response to a junk mail> [5]

	Japan
Extent to which 15-year-olds think of answering the email and asking for more information as appropriate for a message from a wellknown mobile phone operator telling them that they are one of the winners of a smartphone (2018)	2.44 [7/10 countries]
Extent to which 15-year-olds think of checking the senderfs email address as appropriate for a message from a wellknown mobile phone operator telling them that they are one of the winners of a smartphone (2018)	4.16 [2/10 countries]
Extent to which 15-year-olds think of clicking on the link to fill out the form as soon as possible as appropriate for a message from a wellknown mobile phone operator telling them that they are one of the winners of a smartphone (2018)	1.81 [10/10 countries]
Extent to which 15-year-olds think of deleting the email without clicking on the link as appropriate for a message from a wellknown mobile phone operator telling them that they are one of the winners of a smartphone (2018)	3.78 [1/10 countries]
Extent to which 15-year-olds think of checking the website of the mobile phone operator as appropriate for a message from a wellknown mobile phone operator telling them that they are one of the winners of a smartphone (2018)	4.26 [2/10 countries]

High school students - effort and failure> [13]

	Japan
% of 15-year-olds who agree that trying hard at school will help me get a good job (2018)	91.5% [1/10 countries]
% of 15-year-olds who agree that trying hard at school will help me get into a good college (2018)	91.9% [3/10 countries]
% of 15-year-olds who agree that trying hard at school is important (2018)	93.0% [1/10 countries]
% of 15-year-olds who find satisfaction in working as hard as they can (2018)	78.0% [5/10 countries]
% of 15-year-olds who persist until a task is finished once they start (2018)	65.2% [7/10 countries]
% of 15-year-olds who enjoy doing things when they improve on their past performance (2018)	72.8% [9/10 countries]
% of 15-year-olds who would rather keep struggling to master something if they are not good at than move on to something they may be good at (2018)	51.8% [10/10 countries]
% of 15-year-olds who worry about what others think of when they are failing (2018)	75.8% [1/10 countries]
% of 15-year-olds who are afraid that they might not have enough talent when they are failing (2018)	73.3% [1/10 countries]
% of 15-year-olds who doubt their plans for the future when they are failing (2018)	60.2% [5/10 countries]
% of 15-year-olds who think that they canft change their intelligence very much (2018)	32.7% [5/10 countries]
% of 15-year-olds who enjoy working in situations involving competition with others (2018)	50.5% [8/10 countries]
% of 15-year-olds who agree that it is important for them to perform better than other people on a task (2018)	52.6% [9/10 countries]

High school students - competition and cooperation> [9]

	Japan
% of 15-year-olds who try harder when they are in competition with other people (2018)	67.9% [9/10 countries]
% of 15-year-olds who think that students seem to value competition (2018)	24.1% [9/9 countries]
% of 15-year-olds who think that students are competing with each other (2018)	33.6% [7/9 countries]
% of 15-year-olds who think that students seem to share the feeling that competing with each other is important (2018)	31.4% [8/9 countries]
% of 15-year-olds who think that students feel that they are being compared with others (2018)	35.3% [9/9 countries]
% of 15-year-olds who think that students seem to value cooperation (2018)	56.8% [2/10 countries]
% of 15-year-olds who think that students are cooperating with each other (2018)	62.4% [2/10 countries]
% of 15-year-olds who think that students seem to share the feeling that cooperating with each other is important (2018)	61.6% [2/10 countries]
% of 15-year-olds who think that they are encouraged to cooperate with others (2018)	58.5% [3/10 countries]

High school students - meaning of life> [3]

	Japan
% of 15-year-olds who think that their life has clear meaning or purpose (2018)	55.1% [8/9 countries]
% of 15-year-olds who have discovered a satisfactory meaning in life (2018)	40.8% [9/9 countries]
% of 15-year-olds who have a clear sense of what gives meaning to their life (2018)	39.1% [9/9 countries]

High school students - feeling> [9]

	Japan
% of 15-year-olds who always feel happy (2018)	34.7% [7/9 countries]
% of 15-year-olds who always feel scared (2018)	9.8% [1/9 countries]
% of 15-year-olds who always feel lively (2018)	43.8% [1/9 countries]
% of 15-year-olds who always feel miserable (2018)	8.0% [1/9 countries]
% of 15-year-olds who always feel proud (2018)	7.6% [9/9 countries]
% of 15-year-olds who always feel afraid (2018)	28.0% [1/9 countries]
% of 15-year-olds who always feel joyful (2018)	37.4% [5/9 countries]
% of 15-year-olds who always feel sad (2018)	11.2% [1/9 countries]
% of 15-year-olds who always feel cheerful (2018)	29.4% [7/9 countries]

High school students - goals in school> [3]

	Japan
% of 15-year-olds who think that their goal in school is to learn as much as possible (2018)	30.0% [10/10 countries]
% of 15-year-olds who think that their goal in school is to completely master the material presented in their classes (2018)	30.0% [9/10 countries]
% of 15-year-olds who think that their goal in school is to understand the content of their classes as thoroughly as possible (2018)	36.7% [10/10 countries]

High school students - doing things in life> [4]

	Japan
% of 15-year olds who usually manage one way or another (2018)	64.0% [10/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who feel proud that they have accomplished things (2018)	68.0% [10/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who feel that they can handle many things at a time (2018)	40.8% [10/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who can usually find their way out in a difficult situation (2018)	57.8% [10/10 countries]

High school students - feeling at school> [6]

	Japan
% of 15-year olds who feel like an outsider (or left out of things) (2018)	12.4% [9/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who make friends easily at school (2018)	68.0% [9/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who feel like they belong at school. (2018)	79.0% [1/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who feel awkward and out of place in their school. (2018)	19.7% [5/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who think that other students seem to like them (2018)	72.0% [9/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who feel lonely at school (2018)	11.5% [6/10 countries]

High school students - family support> [3]

	Japan
% of 15-year olds who think that their parents support their educational efforts and achievements (2018)	83.6% [6/9 countries]
% of 15-year olds who think that their parents support them when they are facing difficulties at school (2018)	81.7% [4/9 countries]
% of 15-year olds who think that their parents encourage them to be confident (2018)	75.8% [7/9 countries]

High school students - laziness and bullying> [14]

	Japan
% of 15-year olds who have ever skipped a whole school day in the last two weeks (2018)	2.1% [10/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who have ever skipped some classes in the last two weeks (2018)	3.5% [9/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who have ever arrived late for school in the last two weeks (2018)	12.5% [10/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who have ever been made fun of by other students during the past 12 months (2018)	10.8% [9/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who have ever been left out of things by other students during the past 12 months (2018)	26.4% [8/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who have ever been threatened by other students during the past 12 months (2018)	5.3% [9/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds whose belongings have ever been taken away or destroyed by other students during the past 12 months (2018)	8.8% [9/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who have ever been hit or pushed around by other students during the past 12 months (2018)	13.1% [7/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds whose nasty rumours have ever been spread by other students during the past 12 months (2018)	16.4% [9/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who are irritated when nobody defends bullied students (2018)	69.7% [9/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who agree that it is a good thing to help students who canft defend themselves (2018)	78.3% [7/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who agree that it is a wrong thing to join in bullying (2018)	91.2% [2/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who feel bad seeing other students bullied (2018)	88.3% [3/10 countries]
% of 15-year olds who like to see someone standing up for bullied students (2018)	81.8% [7/10 countries]

High school students - learning foreign language> [2]

	Japan
Average hours per week to spend learning foreign language out of school (2015)	3.79 [4/10 countries]
Dispersion (S.E.) of hours per week to spend learning foreign language out of school (2015)	0.081 [7/10 countries]

High school students - problem solving> [8]

	Japan
% of 15 year old students who definitely check brochure to check how to get to the zoo (2012)	49.6% [2/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who definitely study a map and work out the best route (2012)	39.2% [2/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who definitely leave it to their brother to worry about how to get there (2012)	12.6% [2/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who definitely suggest just to start driving (2012)	25.1% [2/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who definitely check similarities with the machines they have used when the ticket machine is new (2012)	29.0% [5/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who definitely try out all the buttons to see what happens when the ticket machine is new (2012)	3.9% [10/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who definitely ask someone for help when the ticket machine is new (2012)	33.5% [2/10 countries]
% of 15 year old students who definitely try to find a ticket office when the ticket machine is new (2012)	23.2% [9/10 countries]

University> [21]

	Japan
% of 25-64 year olds that has attained tertiary education (2020)	52.7% [2/10 countries]
% of 25-64 year olds that has attained short-cycle tertiary education (2020)	21.4% [2/10 countries]
% of 25-64 year olds that has attained Bachelorfs or higher (2020)	31.3% [7/10 countries]
% of 25-34 year olds that has attained tertiary education (2020)	61.5% [3/10 countries]
% of 25-34 year olds that has attained short-cycle tertiary education (2020)	19.6% [3/10 countries]
% of 25-34 year olds that has attained Bachelorfs or higher (2020)	42.0% [4/10 countries]
% of those who think that only students from the best secondary schools can obtain a university education (2009)	17.4% [8/9 countries]
% of those who think that only the rich can afford a university education (2009)	31.9% [5/9 countries]
% of those who think that university is open to every gender, ethnicity or social background (2009)	66.7% [1/9 countries]
Private spending on tertiary education (% of total spending on tertiary education) (2015-2016)	67.6% [2/10 countries]
Household spending on tertiary education (% of total spending on tertiary education) (2015-2016)	51.9% [1/9 countries]
Average tuition fees charged by public institutions (10,000 JPY) (2008-2009)	53.6 [3/8 countries]
% of students who benefit from public loans and/or scholarships/grants (2008-2009)	33.3% [4/6 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for giving financial help to university students from low-income families (2016)	66.6% [8/8 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for giving financial help to university students from low-income families (2006)	57.9% [7/7 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for giving financial help to university students from low-income families (1996)	64.0% [7/7 countries]
% of international students in tertiary enrolments (2010)	3.4% [5/6 countries]
Students studying abroad as % of the total tertiary enrolment in that country (2011)	0.93% [7/9 countries]
Number of researchers in higher education (per thousand employment) (2009)	1.97 [7/9 countries]
Number of doctoral graduates (2009)	16,476 [4/10 countries]
Graduation rates at doctorate level (2009)	1.11 [10/10 countries]

Mass media> [19]

	Japan
% of respondents reporting high levels of trust in media	25.0% (2010) [9/10 countries]
% of those who have contacted or appeared in the media to express their views (2014)	3.0% [8/8 countries]
% of those who have contacted or appeared in the media to express their views (2004)	2.8% [9/9 countries]
% of those who watch TV, DVD, videos in their free time daily (2007)	82.4% [1/8 countries]
% of those who get much enjoyment from watching TV, DVD, videos (2007)	44.5% [6/8 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who watch television and videos for less than 1 hour per day (2007)	26.7% [7/7 countries]
% of Grade 4 students who watch television and videos for more than 2 hours per day (2007)	37.7% [1/7 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who watch television and videos for less than 1 hour per day (2007)	11.8% [8/8 countries]
% of Grade 8 students who watch television and videos for more than 2 hours per day (2007)	54.2% [1/8 countries]
% of those who think that television should give preference to the country's own films and programmes (2013)	33.4% [3/7 countries]
% of those who think that television should give preference to the country's own films and programmes (2003)	33.4% [5/9 countries]
% of those who think that television should give preference to the country's own films and programmes (1995)	33.3% [7/8 countries]
Daily newspapers: number of titles (2004)	108 [5/10 countries]
Daily newspapers: Number of titles per 1 million inhabitants (2004)	0.85 [10/10 countries]
Daily newspapers: Total average circulation (2004)	70,446,000 [1/9 countries]
Daily newspapers: Total average circulation per 1,000 inhabitants (2004)	551 [1/9 countries]
Newspaper journalists (headcounts)	20,315 (2005) [3/9 countries]
Newspaper journalists (headcounts) per 1,000,000 inhabitants	158.8 (2005) [6/9 countries]
Ratio of female newspaper journalists (male=100)	13.7 (2004) [3/3 countries]

	Japan
Voter turnout in the national election	56.0% (2021) [9/10 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, always to vote in elections (2014)	5.69 [6/8 countries]
% of those who think that the last national election was fair regarding the opportunities of the candidates and parties to campaign (2014)	46.3% [7/8 countries]
% of those who think that referendums are a good way to decide important political questions (2014)	61.2% [6/8 countries]
% of those who are proud of their country in the way democracy works (2013)	71.5% [5/7 countries]
% of those who are proud of their country in the way democracy works (2003)	64.3% [6/9 countries]
% of those who are proud of their country in the way democracy works (1995)	66.3% [5/8 countries]
% of those who think that giving people more say is the most important aim of the country out of maintaining national order/ giving people more say/ fighting rising prices/ protecting freedom of speech (2010)	43.9% [1/9 countries]
% of those who think that giving people more say is the most important aim of the country out of maintaining national order/ giving people more say/ fighting rising prices/ protecting freedom of speech (2000)	44.2% [1/6 countries]
% of those who think that giving people more say is the most important aim of the country out of maintaining national order/ giving people more say/ fighting rising prices/ protecting freedom of speech (1993)	44.6% [2/7 countries]
% of those who think that protecting freedom of speech is the most important aim of the country out of maintaining national order/ giving people more say/ fighting rising prices/ protecting freedom of speech (2010)	3.6% [9/9 countries]
% of those who think that protecting freedom of speech is the most important aim of the country out of maintaining national order/ giving people more say/ fighting rising prices/ protecting freedom of speech (2000)	6.7% [6/6 countries]
% of those who think that protecting freedom of speech is the most important aim of the country out of maintaining national order/ giving people more say/ fighting rising prices/ protecting freedom of speech (1993)	10.2% [3/7 countries]
Extent to which people think democracy works well in their country today (2014)	5.24 [7/8 countries]
Extent to which people think democracy worked well in their country 10 years ago (2014)	5.33 [7/8 countries]
Extent to which people think democracy will work well in their country 10 years from now (2014)	4.82 [7/8 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that all citizens have an adequate standard of living (2014)	5.97 [7/8 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that all citizens have an adequate standard of living (2004)	5.96 [9/9 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that government authorities respect and protect the rights of minorities (2014)	4.59 [8/8 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that government authorities respect and protect the rights of minorities (2004)	4.46 [9/9 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that people be given more opportunities to participate in public decision-making (2014)	5.34 [8/8 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that people be given more opportunities to participate in public decision-making (2004)	6.07 [4/9 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that citizens may engage in acts of civil disobedience when they oppose government actions (2014)	4.43 [5/8 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that citizens may engage in acts of civil disobedience when they oppose government actions (2004)	4.77 [3/9 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that governments respect democratic rights whatever the circumstances (2014)	5.66 [7/8 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that people convicted of serious crimes lose their citizen rights (2014)	4.94 [6/8 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that long-term residents of a country, who are not citizens, have the right to vote in that countryfs national elections (2014)	4.59 [1/8 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that citizens have the right not to vote (2014)	3.61 [8/8 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that health care be provided for everyone (2014)	6.43 [4/8 countries]

	Japan
Statutory number of members (As of February 16, 2023)	465 [4/10 countries]
Inhabitants per parliamentarian (2021)	179,488 [2/10 countries]
% of women in parliament (As of February 16, 2023)	9.96% [10/10 countries]
% of MPs 40 years of age or younger (As of February 16, 2023)	6.02% [9/10 countries]
Women in ministerial positions (% of all ministers) (2021)	10.0% [10/10 countries]
Average age of cabinet members (2018)	62.40 [1/10 countries]
% of those who trust politicians (2014)	9.3% [8/8 countries]
% of those who trust politicians (2010)	7.5% [9/9 countries]
% of those who trust politicians (2004)	8.9% [9/9 countries]
% of those who think that most politicians are in politics only for what they can get out of it personally (2010)	62.0% [3/9 countries]
% of those who think that many politicians are involved in corruption (2016)	36.2% [4/8 countries]
% of those who think that many politicians are involved in corruption (2006)	42.2% [3/7 countries]
% of those who think that most politicians are in politics only for their own interest (2014)	52.9% [4/8 countries]
% of those who think that most politicians are in politics only for their own interest (2004)	59.2% [3/9 countries]

	Japan
% of those who think that political parties encourage people to become active in politics (2014)	18.4% [7/8 countries]
% of those who think that political parties encourage people to become active in politics (2004)	14.7% [9/9 countries]
% of those who think that political parties do not give voters real policy choices (2014)	53.4% [3/8 countries]
% of those who think that political parties do not give voters real policy choices (2004)	58.9% [5/9 countries]
% of those who belong to a political party (2014)	5.4% [5/8 countries]
% of those who belong to a political party (2004)	5.2% [3/7 countries]
% of those who belong to a political party (2001)	8.5% [4/7 countries]
% of those who think that people who vote for the party/the parties in government have the most influence on the actions of the government (2016)	18.3% [3/8 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, to be active in social or political associations (2014)	3.82 [6/8 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, to be active in social or political associations (2004)	3.85 [6/9 countries]

	Japan
% of those who have confidence in parliament (2018)	34.1% [8/8 countries]
% of those who have confidence in parliament (2008)	26.7% [9/9 countries]
% of those who have confidence in parliament (1998)	20.4% [9/9 countries]
% of those who think that MPs try to keep the promises they have made during the election (2016)	10.2% [8/8 countries]
% of those who think that MPs try to keep the promises they have made during the election (2006)	12.0% [7/7 countries]
% of those who think that MPs try to keep the promises they have made during the election (1996)	14.1% [6/7 countries]
% of those who think that the parliament considers your action if you take action against an unjust or harmful law (2014)	6.2% [8/8 countries]
% of those who think that the parliament considers your action if you take action against an unjust or harmful law (2004)	6.9% [7/7 countries]

	Japan
Degree of interest in politics (5 steps) (2016)	2.87 [7/8 countries]
Degree of interest in politics (5 steps) (2006)	2.96 [7/9 countries]
Degree of interest in politics (5 steps) (1996)	2.90 [9/9 countries]
% of those interested in politics (4 choices) (2014)	63.3% [2/8 countries]
% of those interested in politics (4 choices) (2007)	68.4% [2/6 countries]
% of those interested in politics (4 choices) (2004)	66.2% [2/7 countries]
% of those who think that their political position is left (2014)	4.1% [8/8 countries]
% of those who think that their political position is center (2014)	63.2% [2/8 countries]
% of those who think that their political position is right (2014)	14.5% [6/8 countries]
Average of political position (2014)	5.51 [1/8 countries]
% of those who often or sometimes discuss political matters with friends, relatives or fellow workers (2014)	44.8% [7/8 countries]
% of those who often or sometimes discuss political matters with friends, relatives or fellow workers (2004)	49.3% [8/9 countries]
% of those who read the political content of a newspaper every day (2014)	37.8% [1/5 countries]
% of those who read the political content of a newspaper every day (2004)	33.4% [1/5 countries]
% of those who never read the political content of a newspaper (2014)	28.1% [3/5 countries]
% of those who never read the political content of a newspaper (2004)	17.8% [2/5 countries]
% of those who use the media to obtain political news or information every day (2014)	62.0% [7/8 countries]
% of those who never use the media to obtain political news or information (2014)	4.5% [4/8 countries]
% of those who watch political news on television every day (2014)	60.5% [1/5 countries]
% of those who watch political news on television every day (2004)	55.8% [1/5 countries]
% of those who never watch political news on television (2014)	7.0% [4/5 countries]
% of those who never watch political news on television (2004)	5.1% [4/5 countries]
% of those who listen to political news on the radio every day (2014)	15.3% [4/5 countries]
% of those who listen to political news on the radio every day (2004)	12.3% [5/5 countries]
% of those who never listen to political news on the radio (2014)	63.5% [2/5 countries]
% of those who never listen to political news on the radio (2004)	61.6% [1/5 countries]
% of those who use the Internet to obtain political news or information every day (2014)	19.3% [3/5 countries]
% of those who use the Internet to obtain political news or information every day (2004)	4.5% [2/5 countries]
% of those who never use the Internet to obtain political news or information (2014)	57.5% [1/5 countries]
% of those who never use the Internet to obtain political news or information (2004)	80.7% [1/5 countries]
% of those who have expressed political views on the internet (2014)	1.9% [8/8 countries]
% of those who often or sometimes try to persuade your friends, relatives or fellow workers to share their political opinion (2014)	14.4% [8/8 countries]
% of those who often or sometimes try to persuade your friends, relatives or fellow workers to share their political opinion (2004)	20.1% [9/9 countries]
% of young people (-29) who often or sometimes discuss political matters with friends, relatives or fellow workers (2014)	0.3% [7/8 countries]
% of those who think that others are better informed about politics and government (2014)	24.0% [4/8 countries]
% of those who think that others are better informed about politics and government (2006)	21.6% [6/9 countries]
% of those who think that others are better informed about politics and government (2004)	21.7% [4/9 countries]
% of those who think that others are better informed about politics and government (1996)	37.8% [3/9 countries]
% of those who think that they understand political issues of the country (2016)	17.8% [8/8 countries]
% of those who think that they understand political issues of the country (2014)	25.4% [8/8 countries]
% of those who think that they understand political issues of the country (2006)	20.5% [7/7 countries]
% of those who think that they understand political issues of the country (2004)	28.1% [7/7 countries]
% of those who think that they understand political issues of the country (1996)	21.4% [7/7 countries]
% of those who think that ordinary citizens have no political voice (2017)	9.4% [7/7 countries]
% of those who think that ordinary citizens have no political voice (2016)	16.0% [8/8 countries]
% of those who think that ordinary citizens have no political voice (2014)	11.4% [7/8 countries]
% of those who think that ordinary citizens have no political voice (2006)	15.6% [7/7 countries]
% of those who think that ordinary citizens have no political voice (2004)	10.8% [6/7 countries]
% of those who think that ordinary citizens have no political voice (2001)	20.8% [4/4 countries]
% of those who think that ordinary citizens have no political voice (1996)	17.8% [7/7 countries]
% of those who think that ordinary citizens have considerable influence on politics (2006)	38.0% [2/9 countries]
% of those who think that ordinary citizens have considerable influence on politics (1996)	49.9% [1/9 countries]
% of those who think that citizens in general has the most influence on the actions of the government (2016)	6.9% [6/8 countries]
% of those who do not think that the government cares much what people like them think (2014)	65.9% [1/8 countries]
% of those who do not think that the government cares much what people like them think (2004)	74.8% [1/9 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, to keep watch on the actions of government (2014)	5.53 [5/8 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, to keep watch on the actions of government (2004)	5.66 [5/9 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, to try to understand the reasoning of people with other opinions (2014)	5.28 [8/8 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, to try to understand the reasoning of people with other opinions (2004)	5.30 [9/9 countries]

	Japan
% of those who would take action when the parliament considers an unjust or harmful law (2014)	20.8% [8/8 countries]
% of those who would take action when the parliament considers an unjust or harmful law (2004)	22.1% [9/9 countries]
% of those who have attempted to contact a politician or a civil servant to express their views (2014)	4.6% [8/8 countries]
% of those who have attempted to contact a politician or a civil servant to express their views (2004)	5.8% [9/9 countries]
% of those who have donated money or raised funds for a social or political activity (2014)	25.5% [8/8 countries]
% of those who have donated money or raised funds for a social or political activity (2004)	42.9% [7/9 countries]
% of those who have signed a petition (2014)	42.6% [7/8 countries]
% of those who have signed a petition (2004)	55.2% [8/9 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, to choose products for political, ethical or environmental reasons, even if they cost a bit more (2014)	4.33 [8/8 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, to choose products for political, ethical or environmental reasons, even if they cost a bit more (2004)	4.33 [7/9 countries]
% of those who take part in activities of political parties, political groups or associations once a month or more (2017)	0.9% [7/7 countries]
% of those who never take part in activities of political parties, political groups or associations (2017)	92.1% [1/7 countries]
% of those who have attended a political meeting (2014)	10.7% [7/8 countries]
% of those who have attended a political meeting (2004)	14.9% [8/9 countries]
% of those who would attend a public meeting organized to protest against a government action they strongly opposed (1996)	22.7% [7/7 countries]
% of those who think that it should be allowed to organise public meetings to protest against the government (2016)	87.4% [6/8 countries]
% of those who think that it should be allowed to organise public meetings to protest against the government (2006)	88.0% [6/7 countries]
% of those who think that it should be allowed to organise public meetings to protest against the government (1996)	84.1% [7/7 countries]
% of those who have attended demonstrations (2014)	7.1% [8/8 countries]
% of those who have attended demonstrations (2004)	8.3% [9/9 countries]
% of those who would go on a protest march or demonstration to protest against a government action they strongly opposed (1996)	18.2% [7/7 countries]
% of those who think that it should be allowed to organise protest marches and demonstrations (2016)	78.4% [5/8 countries]
% of those who think that it should be allowed to organise protest marches and demonstrations (2006)	79.5% [3/7 countries]
% of those who think that it should be allowed to organise protest marches and demonstrations (1996)	80.5% [6/7 countries]
% of those who think that people who want to overthrow the government by revolution should be allowed to hold public meetings (2016)	67.5% [3/8 countries]
% of those who think that people who want to overthrow the government by revolution should be allowed to hold public meetings (2006)	66.1% [2/7 countries]
% of those who think that people who want to overthrow the government by revolution should be allowed to hold public meetings (1996)	59.3% [5/7 countries]
% of those who think that people who want to overthrow the government by force should be allowed to hold public meetings (2014)	4.7% [8/8 countries]
% of those who think that people who want to overthrow the government by force should be allowed to hold public meetings (2004)	4.6% [7/7 countries]
% of those who think that people who want to overthrow the government by revolution should be allowed to publish books expressing their views (2016)	77.2% [3/8 countries]
% of those who think that people who want to overthrow the government by revolution should be allowed to publish books expressing their views (2006)	76.5% [1/7 countries]
% of those who think that people who want to overthrow the government by revolution should be allowed to publish books expressing their views (1996)	74.0% [3/7 countries]

	Japan
Employment in general government as % of total employment	5.89% (2017) [9/9 countries]
% of central government employees aged 55 years or older (2020)	17.82% [9/10 countries]
% of those who trust in civil servants (2016)	17.3% [8/8 countries]
% of those who trust in civil servants (2006)	10.6% [7/7 countries]
% of those who trust in civil servants (1996)	18.7% [6/7 countries]
% of those who think that the public service is committed to serve the people (2014)	24.6% [8/8 countries]
% of those who think that the public service is committed to serve the people (2004)	17.5% [9/9 countries]
Evaluation of control of corruption (0-100) (2021)	90.9 [6/10 countries]
% of those who think that few public officials are involved in corruption (2014)	35.3% [6/8 countries]
% of those who think that few public officials are involved in corruption (2006)	33.2% [4/7 countries]
% of those who think that few public officials are involved in corruption (2004)	19.1% [7/7 countries]
% of those who think that many public officials are involved in corruption (2016)	18.9% [5/8 countries]
% of those who say that they or their family have never come across a public official who hinted/ wanted a bribe in the last five years (2016)	87.1% [5/8 countries]
% of those who say that they or their family have never come across a public official who hinted/ wanted a bribe in the last five years (2006)	84.1% [7/9 countries]
% of those who turn to family members or close friends first to help them with administrative problems or official paperwork (2017)	60.7% [3/7 countries]
% of those who turn to private companies first to help them with administrative problems or official paperwork (2017)	2.9% [4/7 countries]
% of those who turn to public services first to help them with administrative problems or official paperwork (2017)	32.0% [2/7 countries]

	Japan
General government expenditures as % of GDP (2022)	43.4% [5/10 countries]
General government primary net lending/borrowing as % of GDP (2022)	-7.55% [10/10 countries]
General government gross debt as % of GDP (2022)	264% [1/10 countries]
% of those who are in favour of cuts in government spending (2016)	74.1% [2/8 countries]
% of those who are in favour of cuts in government spending (2006)	79.7% [2/7 countries]
% of those who are in favour of cuts in government spending (1996)	78.0% [4/7 countries]
General government expenditures for General public services, as % of GDP (2020)	3.8% [7/8 countries]
General government expenditures for Defence, as % of GDP (2020)	0.9% [8/8 countries]
General government expenditures for Public order and safety, as % of GDP (2020)	1.3% [8/8 countries]
General government expenditures for economic affairs, as % of GDP (2020)	8.8% [2/8 countries]
General government expenditures for Environment protection, as % of GDP (2020)	1.3% [1/8 countries]
General government expenditures for Housing and community amenities, as % of GDP (2020)	0.7% [3/8 countries]
General government expenditures for Health, as % of GDP (2020)	8.6% [4/8 countries]
General government expenditures for Recreation, culture and religion, as % of GDP (2020)	0.4% [7/8 countries]
General government expenditures for Education, as % of GDP (2020)	3.6% [8/8 countries]
General government expenditures for Education, as % of GDP (2020)	3.6% [8/8 countries]
General government expenditures for Social protection, as % of GDP (2020)	17.8% [5/8 countries]

	Japan
General government revenues as % of GDP (2022)	36% [7/10 countries]
Value Added Tax/ General Sales Tax - Rates (2021)	10.0% [6/9 countries]
Corporate income tax rate (central + sub-central) (2021)	29.74% [3/10 countries]
Taxes on income, profits and capital gains, % of GDP (2019)	9.7% [9/10 countries]
Social security contributions, % of GDP (2019)	12.9% [4/10 countries]
Taxes on property, % of GDP (2019)	2.6% [7/10 countries]
Taxes on goods and services, % of GDP (2019)	6.2% [9/10 countries]
% of those who think that taxes are too high for those with high incomes (2019)	21.4% [6/8 countries]
% of those who think that taxes are too high for those with high incomes (2016)	17.8% [5/8 countries]
% of those who think that taxes are too high for those with high incomes (2009)	16.8% [7/9 countries]
% of those who think that taxes are too high for those with high incomes (2006)	18.4% [5/7 countries]
% of those who think that taxes are too high for those with high incomes (1996)	24.2% [4/7 countries]
% of those who think that taxes are too low for those with high incomes (2019)	57.1% [2/8 countries]
% of those who think that taxes are too low for those with high incomes (2016)	57.5% [3/8 countries]
% of those who think that taxes are too low for those with high incomes (2009)	59.2% [3/9 countries]
% of those who think that taxes are too low for those with high incomes (2006)	61.3% [3/7 countries]
% of those who think that taxes are too low for those with high incomes (1996)	50.3% [4/7 countries]
% of those who think that people with high incomes should pay a larger % of their income in taxes than those with low incomes (2019)	90.2% [1/8 countries]
% of those who think that people with high incomes should pay a larger % of their income in taxes than those with low incomes (2009)	88.0% [3/9 countries]
% of those who think that people with high incomes should pay a larger % of their income in taxes than those with low incomes (1999)	91.0% [1/8 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, never to try to evade taxes (2014)	6.42 [3/8 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, never to try to evade taxes (2004)	6.44 [1/9 countries]
% of those who think that the tax authorities always/ often make sure people pay their taxes (2016)	67.5% [7/8 countries]
% of those who think that the tax authorities always/ often treat everyone in accordance with the law, regardless of their contacts or position in society (2016)	54.7% [3/8 countries]

	Japan
% of those who are proud of their country in its social security system (2013)	56.2% [5/7 countries]
% of those who are proud of their country in its social security system (2003)	40.5% [8/9 countries]
% of those who are proud of their country in its social security system (1995)	47.1% [7/8 countries]
% of those who think that the social benefits in their country make people lazy (2017)	21.5% [7/7 countries]
% of those who would like to see more government spending in old age pensions (2016)	46.0% [8/8 countries]
% of those who would like to see more government spending in old age pensions (2006)	56.4% [3/7 countries]
% of those who would like to see more government spending in old age pensions (1996)	59.5% [3/7 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing a decent standard of living for the old (2016)	76.3% [8/8 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing a decent standard of living for the old (2006)	88.5% [7/7 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing a decent standard of living for the old (2001)	82.4% [7/7 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing a decent standard of living for the old (1996)	90.8% [6/7 countries]
% of those who think that the government is successful in the provision of decent life for the old (2016)	25.3% [5/6 countries]
% of those who think that the government is successful in the provision of decent life for the old (2006)	23.0% [6/7 countries]
% of those who think that the government should primarily provide care for older people (2017)	64.1% [5/7 countries]
% of those who think that the government should primarily provide care for older people (2016)	48.3% [8/8 countries]
% of those who think that private companies should primarily provide care for older people (2017)	15.7% [1/7 countries]
% of those who think that private companies should primarily provide care for older people (2016)	23.8% [1/8 countries]
% of those who think that family, relatives or friends should primarily provide care for older people (2017)	14.2% [4/7 countries]
% of those who think that family, relatives or friends should primarily provide care for older people (2016)	21.2% [3/8 countries]
% of those who think "government agencies should primarily provide help in everyday life for elderly people (2012)	20.5% [8/9 countries]
% of those who think that the government/public funds should primarily cover the costs of the help to elderly people (2012)	53.1% [7/9 countries]
Maternal leave benefits (% of wages) (2017)	67 [6/7 countries]
% of those who think that 1-6 months of paid parental leave is necessary (2012)	39.4% [4/9 countries]
% of those who think that 7-12 months of paid parental leave is necessary (2012)	32.0% [5/9 countries]
% of those who think that 13-36 months of paid parental leave is necessary (2012)	12.9% [4/9 countries]
% of those who think that 13-36 months of paid parental leave is necessary (2012)	4.0% [5/9 countries]
% of those who think that the government should pay for parental leave (2012)	26.1% [5/9 countries]
% of those who think that the employer should pay for parental leave (2012)	12.4% [4/9 countries]
% of those who think that both the government and the employer should pay for parental leave (2012)	59.5% [4/9 countries]
% of those who think the employers should primarily cover the costs of childcare for children under school age (2012)	1.1% [8/9 countries]
% of those who think the family itself should primarily cover the costs of childcare for children under school age (2012)	60.3% [5/9 countries]
% of those who think the government/public funds should primarily cover the costs of childcare for children under school age (2012)	38.6% [4/9 countries]
% of those who think government agencies should primarily provide childcare for children under school age (2012)	11.1% [8/9 countries]
% of those who think that poverty is the most important issue for their country (2010)	4.8% [4/8 countries]
% of those who think that the government should spend less on benefits for the poor (2009)	7.4% [8/9 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing decent housing for those who can't afford it (2016)	37.6% [8/8 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing decent housing for those who can't afford it (2006)	37.9% [7/7 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing decent housing for those who can't afford it (1996)	59.6% [7/7 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, to help people in the country who are worse off than themselves (2014)	5.03 [8/8 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, to help people in the country who are worse off than themselves (2004)	5.11 [9/9 countries]

	Japan
% of those who think that it is worse to convict an innocent person than to let a guilty person go free (2016)	73.9% [4/8 countries]
% of those who think that it is worse to convict an innocent person than to let a guilty person go free (2006)	72.7% [3/7 countries]
% of those who think that it is worse to convict an innocent person than to let a guilty person go free (1996)	68.6% [6/7 countries]
% of those who follow conscience rather than law on occasions (2 choices) (2016)	65.6% [2/8 countries]
% of those who follow conscience rather than law on occasions (2 choices) (2006)	75.7% [2/7 countries]
% of those who follow conscience rather than law on occasions (2 choices) (1996)	67.2% [5/7 countries]
% of those who follow conscience rather than law on occasions (5 choices) (2000)	43.2% [1/1 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, always to obey laws and regulations (2014)	6.36 [4/8 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, always to obey laws and regulations (2004)	6.28 [5/9 countries]
Extent to which people trust the courts (2017)	6.26 [3/7 countries]
% of those who have confidence in the justice system (5 choices) (2018)	75.5% [4/8 countries]
% of those who have confidence in the justice system (5 choices) (2008)	73.0% [5/9 countries]

	Japan
Population (ten thousands) (2021)	12,568.2 [2/10 countries]
Popuation growth (annual) (2021)	-0.5% [9/10 countries]
Popuation change in the last 20 years (2001-2021)	-1.2% [10/10 countries]
0-14 years, % of the total population (2021)	12.3% [9/10 countries]
15-64 years, % of the total population (2021)	59.0% [10/10 countries]
65 years and over, % of the total population (2021)	28.7% [1/10 countries]
Life expectancy at birth - Both sexes (years) (2020)	84.6 [1/10 countries]
Life expectancy at birth - Female (years) (2020)	87.7 [1/10 countries]
Life expectancy at birth - Male (years) (2020)	81.6 [1/10 countries]
Population density (per square kilometer) (2021)	344.8 [2/10 countries]
Population in urban agglomerations of more than 1 million (% of total population) (2021)	64.9 [1/10 countries]
% of those who think that population growth cannot be supported (2010)	52.4% [8/9 countries]
% of those who think that population growth cannot be supported (2000)	65.7% [2/4 countries]
% of those who think that there is strong conflicts between young people and older people (2019)	26.6% [5/8 countries]
% of those who think that there is strong conflicts between young people and older people (1999)	36.7% [2/8 countries]
% of those who think that younger people should be medically prioritized over older people (2011)	40.6% [7/9 countries]

	Japan
Crude marriage rate (marriages per 1,000 population)	4.3 (2020) [4/10 countries]
Crude divorce rate (divorces per 1,000 population)	1.6 (2020) [9/10 countries]
Relative divorce rate (ratio of divorces to marriages in the latest year) (2008-2020)	0.37 [10/10 countries]
% of ever married at 50-54, men	81.3% (2015) [6/10 countries]
% of ever married at 50-54, women	89.3% (2015) [5/10 countries]
% of those who have lived together without getting married (1994)	3.3% [6/6 countries]
% of those who think that it is a good idea for a couple who intend to get married to live together first (2002)	31.5% [5/5 countries]
% of those who think that it is a good idea for a couple who intend to get married to live together first (1998)	38.5% [1/7 countries]
% of those who think that it is a good idea for a couple who intend to get married to live together first (1994)	22.9% [6/6 countries]
% of those who lived with their husband or wife before they got married (1994)	7.6% [5/6 countries]
% of those who think that married people are generally happier than unmarried people (2012)	29.8% [4/6 countries]
% of those who think that married people are generally happier than unmarried people (2002)	35.5% [3/5 countries]
% of those who think that married people are generally happier than unmarried people (1994)	40.2% [3/6 countries]
% of those who think that it is better to have a bad marriage than no marriage at all (2002)	9.5% [1/5 countries]
% of those who think that it is better to have a bad marriage than no marriage at all (1994)	10.3% [1/6 countries]
% of those who think that people who want children ought to get married (2012)	73.2% [2/9 countries]
% of those who think that people who want children ought to get married (2002)	62.3% [2/5 countries]
% of those who think that people who want children ought to get married (1994)	62.0% [2/6 countries]
% of those who think that the main purpose of marriage these days is to have children (1994)	18.8% [5/6 countries]
% of those who think that it is all right for a couple to live together without intending to get married (2012)	43.1% [5/6 countries]
% of those who think that it is all right for a couple to live together without intending to get married (2002)	42.5% [5/5 countries]
% of those who think that it is all right for a couple to live together without intending to get married (1998)	41.7% [1/7 countries]
% of those who think that it is all right for a couple to live together without intending to get married (1994)	37.3% [6/6 countries]
% of those who think that a couple should divorce when their marriage does not work well (2012)	36.0% [5/6 countries]
% of those who think that a couple should divorce when their marriage does not work well (2002)	33.8% [5/5 countries]
% of those who think that a couple should divorce when their marriage does not work well (1994)	35.1% [6/6 countries]
% of those who think that the main advantage of marriage is that it gives financial security (1994)	42.4% [1/6 countries]
% of those who think that adultery is always wrong (2018)	40.8% [8/8 countries]
% of those who think that adultery is always wrong (2008)	47.6% [8/9 countries]
% of those who think that adultery is always wrong (1998)	46.2% [5/7 countries]
% of those who think that adultery is always wrong (1994)	58.1% [5/6 countries]
% of those who think that sex before marriage is always wrong (2008)	8.0% [6/9 countries]
% of those who think that sex before marriage is always wrong (1998)	11.9% [4/7 countries]
% of those who think that sex under 16 years old is always wrong (1994)	60.1% [3/6 countries]
% of those who think that homosexuality is always wrong (2018)	17.0% [6/8 countries]
% of those who think that homosexuality is always wrong (2008)	33.7% [7/9 countries]
% of those who think that homosexuality is always wrong (1998)	43.2% [4/7 countries]
% of those who think that homosexuality is always wrong (1994)	64.9% [2/6 countries]

	Japan
Fertility rate, total (births per woman) (2020)	1.34 [8/10 countries]
Crude birth rate (per 1,000 people) (2020)	6.8 [8/10 countries]
Mean age of women at childbirth (2020)	32.0 [3/10 countries]
% of those who think that their ideal number of children is 3 or more (2012)	58.2% [1/6 countries]
% of those who think that their ideal number of children is 3 or more (1994)	62.2% [1/6 countries]
Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births) (2017)	5 [8/10 countries]
Infant mortality rate (deaths per 1,000 live births) (2020)	1.8 [10/10 countries]
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) (2020)	2 [10/10 countries]
Adolescent fertility rate (Births per 1,000 women aged 15-19) (2020)	3.4 [9/10 countries]
% of births outside of marriage (2018)	2.3% [9/10 countries]
% of those who think that it is wrong for a woman to have an abortion if there is a strong chance of serious defect in the baby (2008)	32.7% [1/9 countries]
% of those who think that it is wrong for a woman to have an abortion if there is a strong chance of serious defect in the baby (1998)	26.9% [2/9 countries]
% of those who think that it is wrong for a woman to have an abortion if her family cannot afford any more children (2018)	39.3% [5/8 countries]
% of those who think that it is wrong for a woman to have an abortion if her family cannot afford any more children (2008)	51.4% [4/9 countries]
% of those who think that it is wrong for a woman to have an abortion if her family cannot afford any more children (1998)	52.9% [3/9 countries]

	Japan
% of children (aged 0-17) living with a single parent	12.2% (2015) [9/9 countries]
% of elderly who live with their child(ren) (2020)	36.2% [1/4 countries]
% of elderly who live with their child(ren) (2015)	40.3% [1/4 countries]
% of elderly who live with their child(ren) (2010)	45.5% [1/5 countries]
% of elderly who live with their child(ren) (2005)	47.3% [1/4 countries]
% of elderly who live with their child(ren) (2000)	53.8% [1/5 countries]
% of elderly who live with their child(ren) (1995)	69.0% [2/4 countries]
% of elderly who live with their child(ren) (1990)	68.7% [2/4 countries]
% of elderly who live with their child(ren) (1985)	85.4% [1/2 countries]
% of elderly who live with their child(ren) (1980)	84.2% [2/3 countries]
% of elderly who contact their child(ren) not living together more than once a week (2020)	0.4% [4/4 countries]
% of elderly who contact their child(ren) not living together more than once a week (2015)	0.5% [4/4 countries]
% of elderly who contact their child(ren) not living together more than once a week (2010)	52.0% [5/5 countries]
% of elderly who contact their child(ren) not living together more than once a week (2005)	46.8% [4/4 countries]
% of elderly who contact their child(ren) not living together more than once a week (2000)	47.2% [4/5 countries]
% of elderly who contact their child(ren) not living together more than once a week (1995)	30.2% [3/4 countries]
% of elderly who contact their child(ren) not living together more than once a week (1990)	31.5% [3/4 countries]
% of elderly who contact their child(ren) not living together more than once a week (1985)	33.5% [2/2 countries]
% of those who think that adult children have a duty to look after their elderly parents (2017)	43.1% [6/7 countries]
% of those who think that adult children have a duty to look after their elderly parents (2001)	53.6% [6/8 countries]
% of those who think that adult children are an important source of help for elderly parents (2012)	71.2% [5/9 countries]
% of those who think that having children interferes too much with the freedom of parents (2012)	33.4% [3/9 countries]
% of those who think that having children interferes too much with the freedom of parents (1994)	43.7% [1/8 countries]
% of those who think that one parent can bring up a child as well as two parents together (2012)	39.0% [5/6 countries]
% of those who think that one parent can bring up a child as well as two parents together (2002)	57.3% [1/7 countries]
% of those who think that one parent can bring up a child as well as two parents together (1994)	59.4% [1/8 countries]
% of those who think that watching children grow up is life's greatest joy (2012)	85.4% [6/9 countries]
% of those who think that watching children grow up is life's greatest joy (2002)	86.2% [3/7 countries]
% of those who think that watching children grow up is life's greatest joy (1994)	86.7% [4/8 countries]
% of those who think that children are a financial burden (2012)	40.5% [4/9 countries]
% of those who think that those with young children should be medically prioritized over those not (2011)	34.6% [5/9 countries]
% of those who think that a same sex female couple can bring up a child as well as a male-female couple (2012)	29.1% [5/6 countries]
% of those who think that a same sex male couple can bring up a child as well as a male-female couple (2012)	23.5% [5/6 countries]
% of those who think that having children increases people's social standing in society (2012)	40.8% [2/9 countries]
% of those who think that having children restricts the employment and career chances (2012)	40.5% [4/9 countries]

	Japan
% of those who live with their brother/ sister, among those who have brother/ sister (2017)	8.3% [1/7 countries]
% of those who but do not live with their brother/ sister but contact frequently (2017)	23.3% [7/7 countries]
Total public social expenditure on families as % of GDP (2017)	1.79% [7/10 countries]
% of those who think that they should take care of themselves and their family first, before helping other people (2017)	67.3% [5/7 countries]
% of those who think that they should take care of themselves and their family first, before helping other people (2017)	19.9% [7/7 countries]
% of those who think that they should take care of themselves and their family first, before helping other people (2001)	69.3% [5/8 countries]
% of those who think that their family members put pressure on them about the way they live or organise their personal life (2017)	24.3% [4/7 countries]
% of those who feel that their family, relatives and/or friends make too many demands on them (2017)	23.1% [3/7 countries]
% of those who feel that their family, relatives and/or friends make too many demands on them (2001)	42.3% [3/8 countries]
% of those who face anger of their family or close friends (2017)	36.2% [1/7 countries]
Extent of satisfaction with family life (7 steps) (2012)	5.03 [8/9 countries]
Extent of satisfaction with family life (7 steps) (2002)	5.52 [6/7 countries]
Extent of satisfaction with the relationships with family members (7 steps) (2018)	5.51 [6/8 countries]
Fathers' time spent on physical care and child supervision (as mothers=100) (Latest available year)	12.7 [9/9 countries]
Fathers' time spent teaching, reading, and playing with children (as mothers=100) (Latest available year)	34.0 [9/9 countries]

	Japan
Prevalence of stunting in children under 5 (%) (2020)	5.5% [1/5 countries]
Prevalence of overweight in children under 5 (%) (2020)	2.4% [6/6 countries]
Proportion of ever-partnered women and girls aged 15?49 years subjected to physical and/or sexual violence by a current or former intimate partner in their lifetime (%) (2018)	20% [7/8 countries]

	Japan
International migrant stock (% of immigrants in the population) (2020)	2.2% [10/10 countries]
Refugee population by country or territory of asylum (2019)	1,463 [10/10 countries]
Refugee population by country or territory of asylum (per 10,000 people) (2019)	0.1 [10/10 countries]
% of those who experience migration (2008)	56.2% [9/9 countries]
% of those who experience migration (2001)	70.9% [4/7 countries]
% of those who experience international migration (2008)	1.1% [9/9 countries]
% of those who turn to family members or close friends first to find a place to live (2017)	48.4% [4/7 countries]
% of those who turn to private companies first to find a place to live (2017)	36.1% [1/7 countries]
% of those who turn to public services first to find a place to live (2017)	9.4% [5/7 countries]
% of those who think that the number of immigrants to the country nowadays should be increased (2013)	20.5% [1/7 countries]
% of those who think that the number of immigrants to the country nowadays should be increased (2003)	13.2% [4/9 countries]
% of those who think that the number of immigrants to the country nowadays should be increased (1995)	15.7% [2/8 countries]
% of those who think that the number of immigrants to the country nowadays should be reduced (2013)	23.5% [7/7 countries]
% of those who think that the number of immigrants to the country nowadays should be reduced (2003)	51.9% [6/9 countries]
% of those who think that the number of immigrants to the country nowadays should be reduced (1995)	42.3% [7/8 countries]
% of those who think that immigrants increase crime rates (2013)	41.6% [6/7 countries]
% of those who think that immigrants increase crime rates (2003)	71.8% [1/9 countries]
% of those who think that immigrants increase crime rates (1995)	65.2% [1/8 countries]
% of those who think that immigration is the most important issue for their country (2010)	0.5% [8/8 countries]
% of those who think that there is strong conflicts between domestic-born and foreign-born (2019)	29.4% [8/8 countries]
% of those who think that immigrants are generally good for the country's economy (2013)	38.6% [5/7 countries]
% of those who think that immigrants are generally good for the country's economy (2003)	36.1% [6/9 countries]
% of those who think that immigrants are generally good for the country's economy (1995)	40.9% [3/8 countries]
% of those who agree that immigrants take jobs away from people who were born in the country (2013)	14.9% [6/7 countries]
% of those who agree that immigrants take jobs away from people who were born in the country (2003)	27.6% [4/9 countries]
% of those who agree that immigrants take jobs away from people who were born in the country (1995)	14.8% [8/8 countries]
% of those who think that immigrants improve your country's society by bringing in new ideas and cultures (2013)	25.9% [7/7 countries]
% of those who think that immigrants improve your country's society by bringing in new ideas and cultures (2003)	19.5% [9/9 countries]
% of those who think that immigrants improve your country's society by bringing in new ideas and cultures (1995)	51.7% [7/8 countries]
% of those who agree that it is impossible for people who do not share their country's customs and traditions to become fully their country's nationalty (2013)	49.9% [4/7 countries]
% of those who agree that it is impossible for people who do not share their country's customs and traditions to become fully their country's nationalty (2003)	53.8% [5/9 countries]
% of those who agree that it is impossible for people who do not share their country's customs and traditions to become fully their country's nationalty (1995)	52.2% [3/8 countries]
% of those who agree that ethnic minorities should be given government assistance to preserve their customs and traditions (2013)	42.3% [2/7 countries]
% of those who agree that ethnic minorities should be given government assistance to preserve their customs and traditions (2003)	52.6% [2/9 countries]
% of those who agree that ethnic minorities should be given government assistance to preserve their customs and traditions (1995)	60.2% [2/8 countries]
% of those who think that immigrants should give up original culture and adopt their culture (2013)	6.9% [6/7 countries]
% of those who think that it is better for society if different racial and ethnic groups maintain their distinct customs and traditions (2013)	90.8% [1/7 countries]
% of those who think that it is better for society if different racial and ethnic groups maintain their distinct customs and traditions (2003)	88.9% [1/9 countries]
% of those who think that it is better for society if different racial and ethnic groups maintain their distinct customs and traditions (1995)	85.1% [1/8 countries]
% of those who agree that their country's culture is generally undermined by immigrants (2013)	16.1% [7/7 countries]
% of those who think that foreigners should not be allowed to buy land in this country (2013)	52.1% [2/7 countries]
% of those who think that foreigners should not be allowed to buy land in this country (2003)	28.6% [6/9 countries]
% of those who think that foreigners should not be allowed to buy land in this country (1995)	28.4% [5/8 countries]
% of those who agree that legal immigrants to their country who are not citizens should have the same rights as their country's citizens (2013)	55.7% [1/7 countries]
% of those who agree that legal immigrants to their country who are not citizens should have the same rights as their country's citizens (2003)	66.5% [2/9 countries]
% of those who agree that their country should take stronger measures to exclude illegal immigrants (2013)	79.5% [2/7 countries]
% of those who agree that their country should take stronger measures to exclude illegal immigrants (2003)	86.2% [1/9 countries]
% of those who agree that their country should take stronger measures to exclude illegal immigrants (1995)	73.8% [6/6 countries]
% of those who agree that legal immigrants should have equal access to public education (2013)	82.2% [5/7 countries]
% of those who think that people prejudiced against any racial or ethnic group should be allowed to hold public meetings (2014)	6.4% [8/8 countries]

	Japan
GDP (current US$, billions) (2021)	4,937.422 [2/10 countries]
GDP per capita (current US$) (2021)	39,340 [8/10 countries]
GDP per capita (PPP, current international$) (2021)	44,739 [10/10 countries]
GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) (2021)	42,620 [8/10 countries]
Labour Productivity (GDP per hour worked, current PPP US$) (2020)	50.0 [9/10 countries]
Shadow economy, as % of GDP (2015)	8.2% [7/10 countries]
% of those who think that the economy is the most important issue for their country (2010)	58.1% [1/8 countries]
Total reserves (includes gold, 100 million US$) (2021)	14,057 [1/10 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing industry with the help it needs to grow (2016)	72.2% [6/8 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing industry with the help it needs to grow (2006)	66.6% [6/7 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing industry with the help it needs to grow (1996)	75.3% [5/7 countries]
% of those who are proud of their country in its economic achievements (2013)	68.2% [5/7 countries]
% of those who are proud of their country in its economic achievements (2003)	61.1% [5/9 countries]
% of those who are proud of their country in its economic achievements (1995)	79.6% [3/8 countries]

	Japan
Share prices (10 years ago as 100) (2021)	199 [7/10 countries]
% of currency and deposits in household financial assets	54.7% (2021) [1/10 countries]

	Japan
Price level index - Gross Domestic Product [= the whole national economy] (OECD=100) (2017)	108 [4/10 countries]
Price level index - Food (OECD=100) (2017)	149 [2/10 countries]
Price level index - Bread and cereals (OECD=100) (2017)	151 [1/10 countries]
Price level index - Meat (OECD=100) (2017)	157 [2/10 countries]
Price level index - Fish (OECD=100) (2017)	101 [7/10 countries]
Price level index - Milk, cheese and eggs (OECD=100) (2017)	162 [2/10 countries]
Price level index - Fruits, vegetables, potatoes (OECD=100) (2017)	186 [1/10 countries]
Price level index - Non-alcoholic beverages (OECD=100) (2017)	115 [3/10 countries]
Price level index - Alcoholic beverages (OECD=100) (2017)	108 [6/10 countries]
Price level index - Tobacco (OECD=100) (2017)	69 [10/10 countries]
Price level index - Clothing and footwear (OECD=100) (2017)	101 [6/10 countries]
Price level index - Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels (OECD=100) (2017)	107 [7/10 countries]
Price level index - Hospital services (OECD=100) (2017)	96 [5/10 countries]
Price level index - Transport (OECD=100) (2017)	116 [4/10 countries]
Price level index - Communication (OECD=100) (2017)	121 [3/10 countries]
Price level index - Recreation and culture (OECD=100) (2017)	116 [2/10 countries]
Price level index - Education (OECD=100) (2017)	93 [7/10 countries]
Price level index - Restaurants and hotels (OECD=100) (2017)	102 [9/10 countries]
Price level index - Construction (OECD=100) (2017)	146 [3/10 countries]
Price level index - Services in total (OECD=100) (2017)	100 [6/10 countries]
Long-term interest rate (2021)	0.07% [8/10 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for keeping prices under control (2016)	87.9% [2/8 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for keeping prices under control (2006)	92.2% [2/7 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for keeping prices under control (1996)	96.0% [1/7 countries]
% of those who think that fighting rising prices is the most important aim of the country out of maintaining national order/ giving people more say/ fighting rising prices/ protecting freedom of speech (2010)	21.2% [5/9 countries]
% of those who think that fighting rising prices is the most important aim of the country out of maintaining national order/ giving people more say/ fighting rising prices/ protecting freedom of speech (2000)	19.9% [2/6 countries]
% of those who think that fighting rising prices is the most important aim of the country out of maintaining national order/ giving people more say/ fighting rising prices/ protecting freedom of speech (1993)	15.0% [4/7 countries]
% of those who would choose keeping down inflation rather than keeping down unemployment, (1996)	50.2% [2/6 countries]

	Japan
Income inequality (gini coefficient) (2018)	0.334 [7/10 countries]
Poverty rate after taxes and transfers (% of those below 50% of the current median income) (2018)	15.7% [3/10 countries]
% of those who are dissatisfied with their earnings (2009)	60.1% [3/9 countries]
% of those who are dissatisfied with their earnings (1999)	68.3% [2/7 countries]
% of those who think that it is difficult for their household to make ends meet (2019)	51.0% [1/8 countries]
% of those who think that it is difficult for their household to make ends meet (2017)	50.3% [1/7 countries]
% of those who think that it will be difficult for their household to make ends meet for the next 12 months (2019)	56.8% [1/8 countries]
% of those who skip a meal because there is not enough money once a month or more (2019)	5.1% [5/8 countries]
% of men who say that they have a higher income than their partner (2012)	88.3% [1/9 countries]
% of men who say that they have a higher income than their partner (2002)	92.8% [1/7 countries]
% of women who say that they have a higher income than their partner (2012)	5.8% [9/9 countries]
% of women who say that they have a higher income than their partner (2002)	4.0% [7/7 countries]
% of those who say that both partners have about the same income (2012)	6.5% [9/9 countries]
% of those who say that both partners have about the same income (2002)	4.8% [7/7 countries]
% of those who think that the income distribution of their country is unfair (2019)	77.0% [4/8 countries]
% of those who think that differences in income in the country are too large (2019)	73.7% [6/8 countries]
% of those who think that differences in income in the country are too large (2017)	72.4% [4/7 countries]
% of those who think that differences in income in the country are too large (2009)	77.9% [5/9 countries]
% of those who think that differences in income in the country are too large (1999)	69.1% [6/8 countries]
% of those who contact people who are a lot poorer than them every day (2019)	3.8% [8/8 countries]
% of those who contact people who are a lot richer than them every day (2019)	10.7% [6/8 countries]
Extent of anger at differences in wealth (2019)	5.53 [2/8 countries]
% of those who think that there is strong conflicts between poor people and rich people (2019)	33.8% [6/8 countries]
% of those who think that there is strong conflicts between poor people and rich people (2009)	35.6% [7/9 countries]
% of those who think that there is strong conflicts between poor people and rich people (1999)	37.3% [4/8 countries]
% of those who think that differences in peoplefs standard of living should be small for a society to be fair (2017)	59.0% [4/7 countries]
% of those who think that the government is responsible for reducing income inequality (5 choices) (2019)	55.5% [7/8 countries]
% of those who think that the government is responsible for reducing income inequality (5 choices) (2017)	49.8% [5/7 countries]
% of those who think that the government is responsible for reducing income inequality (5 choices) (2010)	54.2% [6/9 countries]
% of those who think that the government is responsible for reducing income inequality (5 choices) (2009)	54.4% [7/9 countries]
% of those who think that the government is responsible for reducing income inequality (5 choices) (2000)	42.3% [4/4 countries]
% of those who think that the government is responsible for reducing income inequality (5 choices) (1999)	52.6% [5/8 countries]
% of those who think that the government is responsible for reducing income inequality (5 choices) (1996)	47.8% [5/7 countries]
% of those who think that the government is responsible for reducing income inequality (5 choices) (1993)	55.6% [4/6 countries]
% of those who think that the government is responsible for reducing income inequality (4 choices) (2016)	65.3% [6/8 countries]
% of those who think that the government is responsible for reducing income inequality (4 choices) (2006)	66.0% [6/7 countries]
% of those who think that the government is responsible for reducing income inequality (4 choices) (1998)	68.4% [6/7 countries]
% of those who think that the government is responsible for reducing income inequality (4 choices) (1996)	64.5% [5/7 countries]
% of those who think that the government is tne most responsible for reducing income inequality (2019)	62.0% [3/8 countries]
% of those who think that private companies are tne most responsible for reducing income inequality (2019)	17.8% [6/8 countries]
% of those who think that trade unions are tne most responsible for reducing income inequality (2019)	3.8% [7/8 countries]
% of those who think that high income people are tne most responsible for reducing income inequality (2019)	3.0% [4/8 countries]
% of those who think that low income people are tne most responsible for reducing income inequality (2019)	6.9% [2/8 countries]
% of those who think that income differences do not need to be reduced (2019)	6.5% [4/8 countries]
% of those who think that politicians do not care about reducing the differences in income (2019)	75.6% [3/8 countries]
% of those who think that the government is successful in reducing the differences in income (2019)	3.4% [6/8 countries]
% of those who think that they should take care of themselves and their family first, before helping other people (2017)	67.3% [5/7 countries]
% of those who think that they should take care of themselves and their family first, before helping other people (2017)	19.9% [7/7 countries]
% of those who think that they should take care of themselves and their family first, before helping other people (2001)	69.3% [5/8 countries]
% of those who think that people with money should be left to enjoy it (2000)	27.9% [1/1 countries]

	Japan
% of those who think that their country is a society with a small elite at the top, very few people in the middle and the great mass of people at the bottom (2019)	9.9% [6/8 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society with a small elite at the top, very few people in the middle and the great mass of people at the bottom (2009)	11.1% [7/9 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society with a small elite at the top, very few people in the middle and the great mass of people at the bottom (1999)	6.6% [7/7 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society like a pyramid with a small elite at the top, more people in the middle, and most at the bottom (2019)	35.3% [5/8 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society like a pyramid with a small elite at the top, more people in the middle, and most at the bottom (2009)	38.5% [5/9 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society like a pyramid with a small elite at the top, more people in the middle, and most at the bottom (1999)	32.3% [4/7 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society like a pyramid except that just a few people are at the bottom (2019)	28.9% [4/8 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society like a pyramid except that just a few people are at the bottom (2009)	26.4% [2/9 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society like a pyramid except that just a few people are at the bottom (1999)	22.1% [6/7 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society with most people in the middle (2019)	22.8% [3/8 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society with most people in the middle (2009)	20.0% [5/9 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society with most people in the middle (1999)	35.2% [1/7 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society with many people near the top, and only a few near the bottom (2019)	3.0% [2/8 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society with many people near the top, and only a few near the bottom (2009)	4.0% [3/9 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society with many people near the top, and only a few near the bottom (1999)	3.8% [1/7 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society with a small elite at the top, very few people in the middle and the great mass of people at the bottom (2019)	0.6% [5/8 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society with a small elite at the top, very few people in the middle and the great mass of people at the bottom (2009)	0.8% [5/9 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society with a small elite at the top, very few people in the middle and the great mass of people at the bottom (1999)	1.0% [5/7 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society like a pyramid with a small elite at the top, more people in the middle, and most at the bottom (2019)	9.1% [2/8 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society like a pyramid with a small elite at the top, more people in the middle, and most at the bottom (2009)	9.2% [2/9 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society like a pyramid with a small elite at the top, more people in the middle, and most at the bottom (1999)	14.1% [1/7 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society like a pyramid except that just a few people are at the bottom (2019)	18.1% [2/8 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society like a pyramid except that just a few people are at the bottom (2009)	17.5% [3/9 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society like a pyramid except that just a few people are at the bottom (1999)	16.9% [2/7 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society with most people in the middle (2019)	51.2% [7/8 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society with most people in the middle (2009)	55.5% [5/9 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society with most people in the middle (1999)	52.2% [3/7 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society with many people near the top, and only a few near the bottom (2019)	20.9% [6/8 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society with many people near the top, and only a few near the bottom (2009)	16.9% [7/9 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society with many people near the top, and only a few near the bottom (1999)	15.8% [7/7 countries]

	Japan
% of those who think that they belong to the upper class (10 choices) (2019)	2.3% [8/8 countries]
% of those who think that they belong to the upper class (10 choices) (2009)	2.7% [8/9 countries]
% of those who think that they belong to the upper class (10 choices) (1999)	3.3% [8/8 countries]
% of those who think that they belong to the middle class (10 choices) (2019)	69.6% [8/8 countries]
% of those who think that they belong to the middle class (10 choices) (2009)	73.7% [7/9 countries]
% of those who think that they belong to the middle class (10 choices) (1999)	69.6% [8/8 countries]
% of those who think that they belong to the "Middle class" (6 choices) (2019)	32.7% [7/8 countries]
% of those who think that they belong to the "Middle class" (6 choices) (2009)	34.7% [7/8 countries]
% of those who think that they belong to the "Lower middle class" (6 choices) (2019)	31.8% [1/8 countries]
% of those who think that they belong to the "Lower middle class" (6 choices) (2009)	31.0% [1/7 countries]
% of those who think that they belong to the lower class (10 choices) (2019)	28.2% [1/8 countries]
% of those who think that they belong to the lower class (10 choices) (2009)	23.5% [3/9 countries]
% of those who think that they belong to the lower class (10 choices) (1999)	27.2% [1/8 countries]
% of those who think that they grew up in the upper class (10 choices) (2019)	5.2% [7/8 countries]
% of those who think that they grew up in the upper class (10 choices) (2009)	4.8% [8/9 countries]
% of those who think that they grew up in the middle class (10 choices) (2019)	70.3% [5/8 countries]
% of those who think that they grew up in the middle class (10 choices) (2009)	70.6% [3/9 countries]
% of those who think that they grew up in the lower class (10 choices) (2019)	24.5% [2/8 countries]
% of those who think that they grew up in the lower class (10 choices) (2009)	24.6% [4/9 countries]
% of those who think that they will be in the upper class ahead 10 years (10 choices) (2019)	5.3% [8/8 countries]
% of those who think that they will be in the middle class ahead 10 years (10 choices) (2019)	66.2% [6/8 countries]
% of those who think that they will be in the lower class ahead 10 years (10 choices) (2019)	28.5% [1/8 countries]
% of those who think that the social status of their job is higher than their fathers' job (2009)	22.2% [9/9 countries]
% of those who think that the social status of their job is higher than their fathers' job (1999)	20.2% [8/8 countries]
% of those who think that the social status of their job is lower than their fathers' job (2009)	53.0% [1/9 countries]
% of those who think that the social status of their job is lower than their fathers' job (1999)	54.4% [1/8 countries]
% of those who think that there is strong conflicts between people at the top of society and people at the bottom (2009)	45.6% [9/9 countries]
% of those who think that there is strong conflicts between people at the top of society and people at the bottom (1999)	48.5% [7/8 countries]
% of those who think that coming from a wealthy family is very important for getting ahead in life (2019)	16.3% [4/8 countries]
% of those who think that coming from a wealthy family is very important for getting ahead in life (2009)	12.4% [8/9 countries]
% of those who think that coming from a wealthy family is very important for getting ahead in life (1999)	12.2% [7/8 countries]
% of those who think that having well-educated parents is very important for getting ahead in life (2019)	20.1% [8/8 countries]
% of those who think that having well-educated parents is very important for getting ahead in life (2009)	17.0% [9/9 countries]
% of those who think that having a good education is very important for getting ahead in life (2019)	38.4% [8/8 countries]
% of those who think that having a good education is very important for getting ahead in life (2009)	36.7% [9/9 countries]
% of those who think that having ambition is very important for getting ahead in life (2009)	41.8% [9/9 countries]
% of those who think that hard work is very important for getting ahead in life (2019)	57.9% [8/8 countries]
% of those who think that hard work is very important for getting ahead in life (2009)	65.0% [7/9 countries]
% of those who think that knowing the right people is very important for getting ahead in life (2019)	13.3% [8/8 countries]
% of those who think that knowing the right people is very important for getting ahead in life (2009)	14.6% [9/9 countries]
% of those who think that knowing the right people is very important for getting ahead in life (1999)	19.7% [8/8 countries]
% of those who think that having political connections is very important for getting ahead in life (2019)	11.8% [4/8 countries]
% of those who think that having political connections is very important for getting ahead in life (2009)	10.0% [6/9 countries]
% of those who think that giving bribes is very important for getting ahead in life (2019)	2.2% [5/8 countries]
% of those who think that giving bribes is very important for getting ahead in life (2009)	2.7% [6/9 countries]
% of those who think that race is very important for getting ahead in life (2019)	4.8% [8/8 countries]
% of those who think that race is very important for getting ahead in life (2009)	4.8% [9/9 countries]
% of those who think that religion is very important for getting ahead in life (2019)	2.3% [8/8 countries]
% of those who think that religion is very important for getting ahead in life (2009)	3.8% [9/9 countries]
% of those who think that man or woman is very important for getting ahead in life (2019)	4.9% [8/8 countries]
% of those who think that man or woman is very important for getting ahead in life (2009)	5.6% [9/9 countries]

	Japan
Manufacturing, value added (% of GDP)	19.7% (2020) [2/10 countries]
% of employment of small and medium sized companies (1-249 employees) in manufacturing	62.6% (2020) [3/9 countries]
% of employment of large companies (250 and more employees) in manufacturing	37.4% (2020) [7/9 countries]

	Japan
Tourism, % of GDP	2.0% (2018) [5/5 countries]
Tourism, employment, % of total employment	9.6% (2019) [1/7 countries]
% of employment of small and medium sized companies (1-249 employees) in Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	53.8% (2016) [7/9 countries]
% of employment of large companies (250 and more employees) in Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	46.2% (2016) [3/9 countries]

	Japan
% of those who turn to family members or close friends first to help them if they needed to borrow a large sum of money (2017)	67.3% [1/7 countries]
% of those who turn to private companies first to help them if they needed to borrow a large sum of money (2017)	8.3% [7/7 countries]
% of those who turn to public services first to help them if they needed to borrow a large sum of money (2017)	18.4% [1/7 countries]

	Japan
Extent to which people trust major private companies (2017)	5.29 [1/7 countries]
% of those who have confidence in business and industry (2018)	61.9% [6/8 countries]
% of those who have confidence in business and industry (2008)	55.7% [7/9 countries]
% of those who have confidence in business and industry (1998)	43.6% [8/9 countries]
% of those who think that private enterprise is the best way to solve their country's economic problems (2010)	5.9% [9/9 countries]
% of those who think that private enterprise is the best way to solve their country's economic problems (2000)	9.8% [4/4 countries]
% of those who think that private enterprise is the best way to solve their country's economic problems (1993)	11.9% [6/6 countries]
% of those who think that major private companies comply with laws and regulations (2016)	59.8% [2/8 countries]
% of those who think that major private companies try to avoid paying their taxes (2016)	39.5% [8/8 countries]
% of those who agree that large international companies are doing more and more damage to local businesses in the country (2013)	42.9% [6/7 countries]
% of those who agree that large international companies are doing more and more damage to local businesses in the country (2003)	47.3% [7/9 countries]
% of those who have joined in boycotts (2014)	18.8% [8/8 countries]
% of those who have joined in boycotts (2004)	19.9% [9/9 countries]

	Japan
New business density (new registrations per 1,000 people ages 15-64) (2020)	0.45 [6/6 countries]
Cost of business start-up procedures (% of GNI per capita) (2019)	7.5% [3/10 countries]

	Japan
% of those who think that business, banks and industry have the most influence on the actions of the government (2016)	27.0% [6/8 countries]
% of those who are in favour of less government regulation of business (2016)	41.3% [6/8 countries]
% of those who are in favour of less government regulation of business (2006)	39.6% [7/7 countries]
% of those who are in favour of less government regulation of business (1996)	51.2% [5/7 countries]
% of those who are in favour of government support for industry to develop new products and technology (2016)	84.8% [3/8 countries]
% of those who are in favour of government support for industry to develop new products and technology (2006)	80.6% [7/7 countries]
% of those who are in favour of government support for industry to develop new products and technology (1996)	83.5% [3/7 countries]
% of those who are in favour of government support for declining industries to protect jobs (2016)	56.7% [5/8 countries]
% of those who are in favour of government support for declining industries to protect jobs (2006)	57.0% [5/7 countries]

	Japan
Labor participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) (2021)	86.6% [1/10 countries]
Labor participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) (2021)	73.3% [6/10 countries]
Labor participation rate, male (% of male population ages 35-44) (2021)	96.0% [1/10 countries]
Labor participation rate, female (% of female population ages 35-44) (2021)	78.9% [7/10 countries]
Employment rate, 60-64 years old (% of population ages 60-64), men (2021)	87.0% [1/10 countries]
Employment rate, 60-64 years old (% of population ages 60-64), women (2021)	66.9% [3/10 countries]
% of those who think that the employment of elderly people is good for the country's economy (2015)	79.2% [1/3 countries]
% of those who think that the employment of elderly people takes jobs away from younger people (2015)	19.5% [1/3 countries]
Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (2019)	3.4% [3/10 countries]
Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (2019)	3.4% [3/10 countries]
Employment in industry (% of total employment) (2019)	24.2% [4/10 countries]
Employment in services (% of total employment) (2019)	72.4% [7/10 countries]
% of employees whose job tenure is 10 years and more: male and female	47.8% (2017) [2/8 countries]
% of employees whose job tenure is 10 years and more: male	54.8% (2017) [1/8 countries]
% of employees whose job tenure is 10 years and more: female	38.8% (2017) [4/8 countries]
% of men who prefer a full time job (2015)	73.6% [3/7 countries]
% of men who prefer a full time job (2005)	75.0% [4/9 countries]
% of men who prefer a full time job (1997)	78.6% [2/8 countries]
% of women who prefer a full time job (2015)	41.0% [4/7 countries]
% of women who prefer a full time job (2005)	38.5% [5/9 countries]
% of women who prefer a full time job (1997)	42.6% [3/8 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing a job for everyone who wants one (2016)	45.0% [6/8 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing a job for everyone who wants one (2006)	51.8% [5/7 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing a job for everyone who wants one (1998)	75.5% [3/7 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing a job for everyone who wants one (1996)	62.9% [5/7 countries]
% of those who are in favour of government financing of projects to create new jobs (2016)	67.3% [8/8 countries]
% of those who are in favour of government financing of projects to create new jobs (2006)	61.0% [7/7 countries]
% of those who are in favour of government financing of projects to create new jobs (1996)	71.4% [6/7 countries]

	Japan
Gender wage gap (comparison of median)	22.5% (2020) [2/9 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for promoting equality between men and women (2016)	69.7% [7/8 countries]
Maternal employment rate - child under 15	70.6% (2018) [6/10 countries]
Share of female managers	13.2% (2021) [9/9 countries]
Female share of the directors of the largest publicly listed companies (2021)	12.6% [9/10 countries]
% of those who think that a husband's job is to earn money; a wife's job is to look after the home and family (2018)	22.0% [2/8 countries]
% of those who think that a husband's job is to earn money; a wife's job is to look after the home and family (2012)	24.4% [2/6 countries]
% of those who think that a husband's job is to earn money; a wife's job is to look after the home and family (2008)	31.8% [3/9 countries]
% of those who think that a husband's job is to earn money; a wife's job is to look after the home and family (2002)	30.9% [1/7 countries]
% of those who think that a husband's job is to earn money; a wife's job is to look after the home and family (1998)	35.9% [2/9 countries]
% of those who think that a husband's job is to earn money; a wife's job is to look after the home and family (1994)	39.8% [1/8 countries]
% of those who do not think that family life suffers when the woman has a full-time job (2012)	44.7% [5/6 countries]
% of those who do not think that family life suffers when the woman has a full-time job (2002)	44.4% [3/7 countries]
% of those who do not think that family life suffers when the woman has a full-time job (1998)	32.6% [8/9 countries]
% of those who do not think that family life suffers when the woman has a full-time job (1994)	40.8% [5/8 countries]
% of those who think that both husband and wife should contribute to household income (5 choices) (2012)	45.6% [6/6 countries]
% of those who think that both husband and wife should contribute to household income (5 choices) (2002)	48.9% [6/7 countries]
% of those who think that both husband and wife should contribute to household income (5 choices) (1994)	54.4% [7/8 countries]
% of those who think that being a housewife is just as fulfilling as working for pay (5 choices) (2012)	69.3% [2/6 countries]
% of those who think that being a housewife is just as fulfilling as working for pay (5 choices) (2002)	69.3% [1/7 countries]
% of those who think that being a housewife is just as fulfilling as working for pay (5 choices) (1994)	69.0% [1/8 countries]
% of those who think that what most women really want is a home and children (2012)	34.9% [3/6 countries]
% of those who think that what most women really want is a home and children (2002)	45.0% [1/7 countries]
% of those who think that what most women really want is a home and children (1994)	51.4% [1/8 countries]
% of those who think that working mothers have no bad influence over children (5 choices) (2012)	71.2% [3/6 countries]
% of those who think that working mothers have no bad influence over children (5 choices) (2002)	75.2% [3/7 countries]
% of those who think that working mothers have no bad influence over children (5 choices) (1994)	69.4% [4/8 countries]
% of those who do not think that a pre-school child is likely to suffer if his or her mother works (2012)	49.2% [4/6 countries]
% of those who do not think that a pre-school child is likely to suffer if his or her mother works (2002)	45.9% [2/7 countries]
% of those who do not think that a pre-school child is likely to suffer if his or her mother works (1994)	40.4% [5/8 countries]
% of those who think that the mother and the father should each take half of paid parental leave (2012)	18.2% [9/9 countries]
% of those who think that the mother should take most of the paid leave period and the father should take some of it. (2012)	61.8% [1/9 countries]
% of those who think that the mother should take the entire paid parental leave (2012)	19.8% [6/9 countries]
% of those who think that no paid parental leave is necessary (2012)	11.8% [6/9 countries]
% of those who think that women should work outside the home full-time when there is a child under school age (2012)	6.1% [8/9 countries]
% of those who think that women should work outside the home full-time when there is a child under school age (2002)	15.1% [1/5 countries]
% of those who think that women should work outside the home full-time when there is a child under school age (1994)	11.1% [2/8 countries]
% of those who think that both mother and father should work full-time when they have a child under school age (2012)	4.0% [8/9 countries]
% of those who think that both mother and father should work part-time when they have a child under school age (2012)	1.1% [9/9 countries]
% of those who think that women should stay at home when there is a child under school age (2012)	68.7% [1/9 countries]
% of those who think that women should stay at home when there is a child under school age (2002)	53.1% [3/5 countries]
% of those who think that women should stay at home when there is a child under school age (1994)	63.3% [2/8 countries]
% of those who think that mother should stay at home and father should work full-time when they have a child under school age (2012)	57.8% [1/9 countries]
% of those who think that mother should work part-time and father should work full-time when they have a child under school age (2012)	37.2% [8/9 countries]
% of those who think it is least desirable that both mother and father work full-time when they have a child under school age (2012)	47.0% [6/9 countries]
% of those who think it is least desirable that father stay at home and mother work full-time when they have a child under school age (2012)	27.2% [4/9 countries]
% of those who think it is least desirable that mother stay at home and father work full-time when they have a child under school age (2012)	5.1% [8/9 countries]
% of those who think that women should work outside the home full-time after the youngest child starts school (2012)	17.1% [9/9 countries]
% of those who think that women should work outside the home full-time after the youngest child starts school (2002)	21.7% [2/5 countries]
% of those who think that women should work outside the home full-time after the youngest child starts school (1994)	17.1% [5/8 countries]
% of those who think that women should stay at home after the youngest child starts school (2012)	17.8% [1/9 countries]
% of those who think that women should stay at home after the youngest child starts school (2002)	19.2% [1/5 countries]
% of those who think that women should stay at home after the youngest child starts school (1994)	26.4% [1/8 countries]
% of women who say that they care for sick family members (2012)	75.4% [1/9 countries]
% of women who say that they care for sick family members (2002)	74.7% [1/7 countries]
% of women who say that they care for sick family members (1994)	84.4% [1/8 countries]
% of those who say that both partners care for sick family members (2012)	20.4% [9/9 countries]
% of those who say that both partners care for sick family members (2002)	22.7% [7/7 countries]
% of those who say that both partners care for sick family members (1994)	19.0% [8/8 countries]

	Japan
Share of self-employed who are own-account workers, men, % of total employed	5.2% (2021) [7/8 countries]
Share of self-employed who are own-account workers, women, % of total employed	2.9% (2021) [8/8 countries]
% of those who think that employees have more job security than the self-employed (2005)	64.1% [3/9 countries]
% of those who think that being an employee interferes more with family life than self-employment (2005)	32.7% [3/9 countries]
% of those who prefer being an employee to being self-employed (2005)	65.3% [2/9 countries]
% of those who prefer being an employee to being self-employed (1997)	59.1% [3/8 countries]

	Japan
Part-time employment - male	15.0% (2021) [2/9 countries]
Part-time employment - female	39.0% (2021) [1/9 countries]
Temporary employment - male as % of dependent employment	10.5% (2021) [7/10 countries]
Temporary employment - female as % of dependent employment	20.5% (2021) [2/10 countries]
Temporary employment - 15-24 years as % of dependent employment	15.6% (2021) [7/10 countries]
% of those willing to accept temporary employment to avoid unemployment (2015)	20.5% [7/7 countries]
% of those willing to accept temporary employment to avoid unemployment (2005)	34.0% [9/9 countries]

	Japan
% of those who do any work for additional income in addition to their main job (2015)	10.9% [7/7 countries]
% of those who do any work for additional income in addition to their main job (2005)	5.8% [9/9 countries]